QUANTITATIVE-AND-QUALITATIVE-METHODS.pptx

Understanding about research.

1. QUANTITATIVE and QUALITATIVE METHODS A walkthrough on

2. https://create.kahoot.it/creator/4cfe4352-7be4-4f32-b36a-227d76f7bfb9 PRIMING ACTIVITY

3. Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative research approaches, outlining the key characteristics, data collection methods, and analysis techniques that differentiate these two methodologies 10 OBJECTIVES C ompare and contrast the data analysis techniques employed in quantitative and qualitative research, and understand the strengths and limitations of each approach.

4. QUANTITATIVE Scope of the study Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables – and generalize results from a larger sample population. Quantitative data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys – online surveys,  paper surveys , mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations.

5. QUALITATIVE Scope of the study Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques. Some common methods include focus groups (group discussions), individual interviews, and participation/observations. The sample size is typically small, and respondents are selected to fulfill a given quota.

6. BASIS FOR COMPARISON QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Meaning Qualitative research is a method of inquiry that develops understanding on human and social sciences, to find the way people think and feel. Quantitative research is a research method that is used to generate numerical data and hard facts, by employing statistical, logical and mathematical technique. Nature Holistic Particularistic Approach Subjective Objective Research type Exploratory Conclusive Reasoning Inductive Deductive Sampling Purposive Random Data Verbal Measurable Inquiry Process-oriented Result-oriented Hypothesis Generated Tested Elements of analysis Words, pictures and objects Numerical data Objective To explore and discover ideas used in the ongoing processes. To examine cause and effect relationship between variables. Methods Non-structured techniques like In-depth interviews, group discussions etc. Structured techniques such as surveys, questionnaires and observations. Result Develops initial understanding Recommends final course of action

7. RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DECRIPTIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL HISTORICAL CASE STUDY GROUNDED THEORY ETHNOGRAPHY NARRATIVE

8. DESCRIPTIVE Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can be answer what, where, when, how and why. This is both applicable to QUANTITATIVE and QUALITATIVE research.

9. CORRELATION Correlational research is a type of nonexperimental research in which the researcher measures two variables and assess the statistical relationship (i.e., the correlation) between them with little or no effort to control extraneous variables. Focuses on: Significant Relationship Example: Academic Burnout and Stress

10. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE Attempts to identify a cause-effect relationship between two or more groups. In causal-comparative research, the researcher investigates the effect of an independent variable by comparing two or more groups of individuals. Unlike correlational research, both experimental research and causal-comparative research typically compare two or more groups of subjects.

11. Example: How does pre-school attendance affect social maturity at the end of the first grade? How does having a working mother affect a child’s school absenteeism ?

12. EXPERIMENTAL QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL The prefix quasi means “resembling.” Thus quasi-experimental research is research that resembles experimental research but is not true experimental research. Although the independent variable is manipulated, participants are not randomly assigned to conditions or orders of conditions (Cook & Campbell, 1979).

13. EXPERIMENTAL TRUE EXPERIMENTAL A true experiment is a type of experimental design and is thought to be the most accurate type of experimental research because of its main characteristics of random assignment .

14. PHENOMENOLOGICAL Phenomenology is a form of qualitative research that focuses on the study of an individual’s lived experiences within the world . Understanding the ontological (theory of knowledge) assumptions underpinning these approaches is essential for successfully conducting phenomenological research.

15. HISTORICAL Historical research studies the meaning of past events in an attempt to interpret the facts and explain the cause of events. In doing so, researchers rely heavily on primary historical data (direct accounts of events, archival data – official documents, personal records or eyewitnesses) and less frequently on secondary historical data (information from persons who didn’t witness the event; e.g. textbooks, newspaper, encyclopedias).

16. CASE STUDY A case study is an in-depth study of one person, group, or event. In a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject’s life and history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes of behavior. Case studies can be used in a variety of fields including psychology, medicine, education, anthropology, political science and social work.

17. GROUNDED THEORY A research method concerned with the generation of theory , which is “grounded” in data that has been systematically collected and analyzed. It is used to uncover things such as things as social relationships and behaviors of groups, known as social processes. It was develop in California, USA by Glaser and Strauss during their study – “Awareness of Dying”.

18. ETHNOGRAPHY A study through direct observation of users in their natural environment rather than in a lab. The objective of this type of research is to gain insights into how users interact with things in their natural environment.

19. ETHNOGRAPHY Ethnography methods include direct observation, diary studies, video recordings, photography and artifact analysis such as devices that a person uses throughout the day. Observations can be made anywhere from the user’s workplace, their home or while the are out with family and friends.

20. NARRATIVE A literary form of qualitative research, narrative research is all about collecting and telling a story or stories chronologically and in detail. Researchers writes narrative about experiences of individuals, describe a life experience, and discuss the meaning of experience with the individual. Usually, a narrative research design is focused on studying individual person. The researcher becomes the interpreter of the individual’s stories, as opposed to a community.

21. MIXED METHOD STUDIES Some studies use mixed methods to collect and analyze data…both quantitative and qualitative. For example, a person might do a quantitative survey and follow it up with qualitative interviews or focus groups. Again, the question dictates the method.

22. Types of Mixed-Methods Research Design

23. Explanatory Sequential Design An explanatory sequential mixed method design consists of first collecting qualitative data to help explain or elaborate on the quantitative results. Purpose: To use qualitative results to assist the findings of a quantitative study.

24. Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis Follow up with Explanatory Sequential Design Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis Interpretation

25. Exploratory Sequential Design An exploratory sequential mixed method design involves the procedure of first gathering qualitative data to explore phenomenon and then collecting quantitative data to explain relationship found in the qualitative data. Purpose: To explore a phenomenon. This strategy may also be useful when developing and testing a new instrument.

26. Qulitative Data Collection and Analysis Builds to Exploratory Sequential Design Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis Interpretation

27. Convergent Parallel Design The purpose of this mixed-methods design is to simultaneously collect both qualitative and quantitative data, merge the data, and use the results to understand a research problem.

28. Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis Convergent Parallel Design Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis Compare or relate Interpretation

29. Embedded Sequential Design The embedded sequential Design is to collect quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously or sequentially but to have one form of data play a supportive role to the other form of data.

30. Quantitative (or Qualitative) Data Collection and Analysis (before, during, or after) Embedded Design Interpretation

31. How To Choose A Research Design?

32. Data Type The first determining factor is naturally the type of data you plan to be collecting – i.e., qualitative or quantitative. This may sound obvious, but we have to be clear about this – don’t try to use a quantitative research design on qualitative data (or vice versa)!

33. Research Question(s) As with all methodological decisions, your research aim and research questions will heavily influence your research design. For example, if your research aims involve developing a theory from qualitative data, grounded theory would be a strong option. Similarly, if your research aims involve identifying and measuring relationships between variables, one of the experimental designs would likely be a better option.

34. Time It’s essential that you consider any time constraints you have, as this will impact the type of research design you can choose. For example, if you’ve only got a month to complete your project, a lengthy design such as ethnography wouldn’t be a good fit.

35. Resources Take into account the resources realistically available to you, as these need to factor into your research design choice. For example, if you require highly specialised lab equipment to execute an experimental design, you need to be sure that you’ll have access to that before you make a decision.

36. Recap: Key Takeaways

37. ANALYSIS Back to Agenda How do you choose which method of research to use? Match your approach to your research problem Fit the approach to your audience. Relate the approach to your experience.

38. Resource Page (No date) difference between quantitative and qualitative . Available at: https://www.scribd.com/document/441399700/Difference-between-qualitative- (Accessed: 29 July 2023). Maravillas ’ Presentation