quantitative variabel and hypothesis.pptx

quantitative variabel and hypothesis

1. Variable & Hypothesis Anggit Prasetio Nugroho, M.Pd

2. Objectives Define and identify different types of variables in quantitative research Explain the meaning and function of a hypothesis in research Differentiate between simple, complex, null, alternative, causal, and associative hypotheses Formulate appropriate hypotheses for English language teaching research topics

3. VARIABLE Is defined as anything that has a quantity or quality that varies (qualities, properties, characteristics, behaviors, attributes, etc ) Variables are manipulable and measurable.

4. 1. Independent Variable Is the variable whose change isn’t affected by any other variable in the experiment Either the researcher has to change the independent variable herself (or) it changes on its own It is manipulated by the researcher to cause an effect on the dependent variable Example: age, time.

5. 2. Dependent Variable The dependent variable is what is being studied and measured in the experiment It’s what changes as a result of the changes to the independent variable by the researcher Example: how tall you are at different ages. Dependent variable: height Independent variable: age

6. 3. Control Variable A factor kept constant to ensure the validity of results Example: Same English level of students.

7. 4. Extraneous Variable Uncontrolled factors that may influence results For example: Students’ motivation or prior knowledge.

8. HYPOTHESIS It is considered as an intelligent guess or prediction, that gives directional to researcher to answer the research questions Predict a relationship between two or more variables

9. Types of hypothesis Simple Hypothesis Complex Hypothesis Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis Causal Hypothesis Associative Hypothesis

10. 1. Simple Hypothesis It is that one in which the researcher examines the existing relationship between 2 variables. One is called independent variable or cause And other is dependent variable or effect For example: Students with higher vocabulary knowledge have better reading comprehension.

11. 2. Complex Hypothesis It is the one in which the researcher examines the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables For example: Students’ vocabulary knowledge and grammar mastery together influence their writing proficiency.

12. 3. Null Hypothesis It is the one where the researcher states the existence of no relationship between the independent and dependent variables It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove. For example: There is no significant difference in reading comprehension between students taught through blended learning and those taught traditionally.

13. 4. Alternative Hypothesis An alternative hypothesis simply is the inverse, or opposite, of the null hypothesis. It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove. For example: Students taught through blended learning have higher reading comprehension than those taught through traditional methods.

14. 5. Causal Hypothesis Causal hypothesis is predict a cause and effects relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable Independent variable is thought to cause or determine the presence of dependent variable For example: Using gamified vocabulary apps increases students’ motivation to learn English.

15. 6. Associative Hypothesis An associative hypothesis reflects the relationship between variables that occurs in natural setting without manipulation. If there is a change in any one of the variables, changes also occurs in the other variable. For example: There is a positive correlation between students’ English reading habits and their writing scores.

16. ASSIGNMENT Find 2 more article journals which still relevant with topic Identify : Research question/objective Variables Hypothesis

17. Terima Kasih