Quantum Entanglement - John F. DeCarlo - 2016.ppt

A Historical Review Of the Enigmatic Phenomenon
By John F. DeCarlo
2016

1. Quantum Entanglement:
A Historical Review
Of the
Enigmatic Phenomenon
By John F. DeCarlo
2016

2. Abstract
•With the discovery of Cooper pairs in 1964, the ‘spooky’ behavior of
entangled electrons was considerably demystified, and yet,
notwithstanding the subsequent refutation of the theoretical
approaches of both Einstein and the Copenhagen school, entanglement,
which has been recently technologically verified and controlled, remains
mysterious, and its scientific-theoretical illumination will continue to
serve the practical applications of superconductivity, and vice a versa.
•This is particularly true for the theoretical formulations of qualitatively
new behaviors of interactive electrons, as well as new parameters in
which familiar states of matter behave in new and different ways, as in
the case of samarium hexaboride (SmB6), which presents some new
quantum interchange.

3. Outline
•1) Weird Quantum background
•2) Non local experiments & Spontaneous self-organization – Contra
Einstein
•3) Natural & spontaneous Entanglement – Contra Copenhagen & Einstein
•4) Natural Ionic Dynamics
•5) Quantum Duality: fermion and cooper pairs
•6) Quantum Field theory & Superposition
•7) Low Temperature , dense matter physics
•8) Compressed matter, low energy
•9) Odd , paradoxical behavior of B6
•10) Superconductivity
•11 Interpretations

4. 1) Quantum Weirdness
•Contrary to the ideal categories of identity, sufficient reason,
and non-contradiction, witness quantum mechanics and the
strange behaviors of electrons and other particles:
•Observed as wave and particle
•no location or multi-locations
•moving back and forward in time
•entangling at vast distances
•defying exact quantification via the uncertainty principle

5. Prediction over Explanation
•Quantum mechanics can predict the start and
end of a superposition cycle, but it cannot
explain the behavior of electrons in the interim.
•To question many facets of quantum
mechanics, is, as philosophers of
physics/philosophers who know/do physics,
term as a category mistake.

6. 2) Classical Resistance: Einstein
•A)concern about a lack of clear cut cause and effect
•A)the information is being transferred faster than the speed
of light,
•Thus, there must be some (local) information about all
possible outcomes already in the particles, encoded in some
“hidden parameters”.

7. Demonstrations: Contra Einstein
•Oxford 2011: 15 centimeters (Vedral, Ian Walmsley)
•Oxford 5/2014: 10 feet
•Delft University of Technology,2015: 1.3 km
•Ronald Hanson, Holland
•US National Institute of Standards and Tech (2013)– Kristen
Shalm (two detectors and photon source, all 100 meters a part)
•University of Vienna – Anton Zeilinger

8. Delft: A Loophole-Free Bell Test

9. Delft --- No hidden variables
•Artificial diamonds - with electron trap
•Nitrogen atom
•Missing carbon
•Attract single electron – superpositon

10. Locality: 1.3 km away: neither detectors or
electrons can exchange info at light speed;
two particles can be considered as a single object,
even though they may be separated by some
distance
•Fair Sampling: Electrons emit two photons, all
entangled 245 times
•free choice: particle detector closed by random
number /rapid setting generator

11. Experimental Conclusion
•“You can’t prove quantum mechanics, but
hidden local action is incompatible with our
experiment… Our results agree that what
quantum mechanics predicts about the
spooky actions shared by entangled particles.”
•-Shalm

12. 3) Natural entanglement
contra Copenhagen & Einstein

13. Observation and
Collapse of Wave Function
•If light is observed for wave function
•It presents itself as a wave
•If light is observed for a particle function
•It presents itself as a particle

14. Quantum weirdness

15. Copenhagen School
•Copenhagen school:
•properties in a physical system do not exist,
and are indeed meaningless, prior to
measurement.
•they reject the assumption of local realism or
that there is some preexisting value/location
prior to measurement.

16. Copenhagen Paradox
•Moreover, measuring the first spin has no observable effect
on the second spin.
•Measuring the first spin may increase our knowledge of the
second spin, but it doesn’t really change its state.
• Strange paradox exists:
•wave function does not ascribe simultaneous reality
to both quantities, and yet, they can be shown to
exist simultaneously.

17. Schrodinger
•Schrodinger’s Cat thought experiment
illustrated how there was a problem with the
Copenhagen interpretation.
•Neils Bohr view, dissociated himself from the
Copenhagen school: the cat would either be
dead or alive, before the cat is observed/or a
Geiger counter is utilized.

18. Cat is either dead or alive
Entanglement
•Occurs in
Semiconductors
Super conductors
Independent of direct observation

19. Natural Entanglement
•Subatomic particle decay via conservation
angular momentum:
•A spin-Zero particle decays (is measured) into
•A pair of spin-1/2 particles

20. Natural (non-human interventional)
manifestations
of super conductivity
•Helium liquid
•Neutron stars

21. Realism
•Inferential existence of entanglement
underscores that entanglement exists,
independent of our observation.
•Paralleling Einstein’s assertion of realism that the
moon is there, independent of our observation

22. Natural entanglement,
disentanglement, reentanglement
Einstein’s assertion that there must be some pre-existing
relationship between the particles -- but
particles that entangle, can disentangle, and then randomly
re-entangle with other particles,

implying they did not have any pre-existing connective history
Rather, a some principle of self-organization is operative

23. Self-organization
Implicates Casual Makov Condition
(Parental agent, of some type)
•Tangle, untangle, re-entangle
•

24. 4) Ionic Conducting Metals
electrons are repelled from other electrons due to their
negative charge, but it also attracts the positive ions that
make up the rigid lattice of a metal.
This attraction distorts the ion lattice, moving ions slightly
toward the electron, increasing the positive charge density
of the lattice in the vicinity, which then attracts other
electrons.

25. Lattice Metals & Crystal Structures
At long distances, attraction between electrons
due to the displaced ions can overcome the
electron’s repulsion due to their negative
charge, and cause them to pair up.

26. Ionic Conduction
•ions typically condense into extremely regular
crystalline structures, in an arrangement that
minimizes the lattice energy, thus maximizing
attractions and minimizing repulsions.

27. 5) Electron Duality
• Fermion and
•Boson particles/Cooper pairs
•physical materials that insulate electricity &
those that conduct it

28. Major Spin differences:
Fermion electrons,
which have a half integer spin, obey Fermi-Dirac statistics, which means
that no more than two of them can be in the same place,
hence they cannot comingle with other electrons; and matter
does takes up space

29. Effects of Fermion
•stars do not collapse into/unto themselves, because of
fermion quality of electrons
•when stars do yield to such pressure, they counter it with
tremendous force, hence a supernovae explosion which
is partly the cause of the elements and the origin of the
planets.

30. Cooper Pairs
•cooper electrons, which a have an integer spin of 0 or 1, and do
comingle/entangle.
•A Cooper Pair also gets to obey the much more lenient Bose-Einstein
statistics, which place no limit on the number of Cooper pairs that can be in
the same location.
 

•

31. Entanglement as Gravity?

32. In sum: Fermion and Cooper
fermions prevent matter from collapsing into
itself
cooper pairs prevent matter/the universe from
splintering apart.

33. Qualification: cooper pairs &
superconductivity
•electrons in a pair are not necessarily close
together; because the interaction is long range,
paired electrons may still be many hundreds of
nanometer apart. So, cooper pairs can occupy
the same space.
•For this reason, Cooper pairs do not bump into
each other as electrons do, and there is no
resistance to the flow of current

34. 6) Quantum Field Theory
•Although David Bohm’s field minded pilot
wave theory has been nullified,
• it was the fundamental basis for Bell’s
rejection of Einstein’s denial of spooky action
at a distance,
• along with his insistence on a hidden variable
theory in conjunction with a pre-existing
relationship between particles.

35. Field theory and Superposition
a field, which is a mathematical object, is defined by its value
at every point in space and time.
it turns into a collection of particles, or a superposition of
different possibilities: no particles, one particle, two
particles, etc.
Hence, it does not really involve individual electrons pairing
up to form quasi-boson. The pairs are energetically favored,
and electrons go in and out of those states preferentially

36. Contra Einstein
•This is consistent with the earlier observation that contrary to
Einstein’s conjecture that there must be some pre-existing
relationship between entangled particles,
•particles entangle, disentangle, and then randomly re-
entangle with other particles, through some type of currently
unknown self-organization/field theory principle.

37. Analogy: Buying and Selling of
Stocks
•Consumers/electrons are free to buy and sell
•If you own stock, shared by others, the value
of the stock, is invariably, and instantaneously,
effected by the actions of others
•Even on opposite poles of the planet, one’s
stock value, is entangled with others

38. 7) Low Temperature
condensed matter physics
•Condensed matter physics, especially at low
temperatures,
•is conducive to entanglement, since the
energy of the pairing interaction is quite weak,
of the order of 10-3 eV,
•and higher thermal energy can easily break
the pairs

39. Isotope Effect in Superconductors
materials with heavier ions (different nuclear isotopes)
had lower superconducting transition temperatures.
heavier ions are harder for the electrons to attract and
move, which is how Cooper pairs are formed, which
results in a smaller binding energy for the pairs

40. Ionic behavior of Cooper pairs
•Cooler temperatures
•Less repulsion to electrons
•More attraction to ions
•heavier ions (different nuclear isotopes) had
lower superconducting transition temperatures.

41. 8) Compressed, low energy
•Less coupling of fields
•Strong, weak, gravitational, magnetic fields

42. Strangeness of Quantum
Mechanics
•most evident in compressed, low energy
situations, in which the behavior of the
electrons is not effected/entangled in the
energy behavior of other masses.
•quantum effects are less effected by other
levels/spheres of energies, the sum total
establishing their overall superposition,
quantum weirdness is free to play.

43. As in Medical Imaging
•condensed matter physics is also exploring the realm of
matter at zero Kelvin
•other strange characteristics of electrons in terms of
super atoms and super liquids,
•the latter of which defy gravity: liquids actually crawl up a
glass.

44. 9) Odd Case of SmB6
A -- surface conductor – with a Fermion conductor
B-- transits from a Kondo lattice metal to a small-gap insulator state
with decreasing temperature;
C -- But interior is a also a strange mid-point:
low temperatures & presence of a magnetic field, the strongly
correlated electrons in SmB6, can move like those in the most
conductive metals,
Even though they cannot conduct electricity.

45. A) Fermion conductor
•the Majorana particle is a fermion that is its
own antiparticle, which is different from a
Dirac Fermion
•Majorana Fermions are quasiparticle/massless
particle excitations in superconductors

46. No Electron Scattering
•the electron may be deflected by the Lorentz
force.
•But special states fall within the bulk
energy gap and allow surface metallic conduction

47. Spin lock, no scattering
• Carriers in these surfaces states have their spin locked at a right-angle to
their momentum, so
•at a given energy, the only other available electronic states have different
spin;
•thus, the U-turn scattering is strongly suppressed and conduction on the
surface is highly metallic

48. •The interior of SmB6 should allow electrons to flow, but it is
strongly correlated:
Its electrons feel one another’s effects, causing them to lock
together into an emergent, collective behavior.
Moreover, whereas strong correlations cause the electrical
resistance to drop to zero at low temperatures, the electrons
seem to gum up when cooled
B) Interior Paradox:
Correlation and Oscillation

49. c) electrons oscillation in material
•they measured quantum oscillations deep in the interior of
their crystal samples,
•which translated into a huge three dimensional Fermi surface,
•representing electrons circulating throughout the material

50. Strange Oscillations
•not only quantum oscillations as an insulator, but
their form of oscillation –
•how quickly they grew in amplitude as the
temperature decreased –
•greatly diverged from the predictions of a
universal formula for conventional metals:
•more like copper, silver, and gold

51. 10) Super conductivity
•Less degrees of resistance:
•Streams of electrons, almost pure light
•Less entanglement with larger masses
•Type of tunneling, without scattering

52. Contributing Factors
•Cooper Pairs – 1 spin
•Ionic Dynamics
•Fields & Superposition
•Cooler temperatures (Zero Kelvin)
•Compressed, low energy entanglement
•SmB6 – new quantum state

53. 11) Interpretations

54. What does it mean to be - In
between?
•Suchitra Sebastian, and experimental condensed matter
physicist at the University of Cambridge, said the
discoveries she and her colleagues have made “mean
that something needs to be rewritten completely
•Jan Zaanen, a condensed matter theorist at Leiden
University in the Netherlands noted, “On the basis of
established wisdoms, this cannot possibly happen, and
henceforth completely new physics should be at work

55. New phase/mass/energy
•Smb6 represents some new quantum
interchange,
•whereby electrons may be rapidly vacillating
between insulating and conducting states in
some novel quantum fashion

56. Black Hole Analogy
•Sean Hartnoll suggests that strongly correlated materials
represent higher dimensional black holes, those infinitely
steep curves in space-time predicted by Einstein.
• He calculated how long an electron could orbit the black hole
before falling in, and his calculation matches up with those of
Sebastian.

57. Field of Superposition
•Each element of the superposition, each a product of
subsystem states, evolves independently of the other
elements in the superposition, of the macro system
•But the states of the macro-system, by becoming
correlated or entangled with each other, are
impossible to understand in isolation from each
other and must be viewed as one composite system

58. Lingering Issue
•Ionic conduction forces move as quickly as
17,000 mile per hour.
•Speed of light: 186,000 miles per second
•Entanglement occurs instantaneously

59. Coda:
•For reasons other than Einstein asserted,
Entanglement remains “spooky”
•New experimental testing, in synch with new
theoretical models, may elucidate new causal
factors
•Thus, aiding in new practical applications in
superconductivity