QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN . Type of Research Design. Research nursing

RESEARCH APPROACH, TERMINOLOGIES �OUASI EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN, TIME SERIES DESIGN� ONE GROUP PRETEST POST TEST DESIGN� Research Methods

1. PRESENTED BY SELVARAJ.P PH.D SCHOLAR OCT-2019 BATCH GUIDE DR.SASI.VAITHILINGAN PROFESSOR CUM VICE-PRINCIPAL VMCON PONDICHERRY. SEMINAR ON QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At end of the session the student will be able to acquire adequate knowledge regarding quasi experimental research design, develop positive attitude and develop desirable skill in applying this research design in the process of the nursing research . SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: Define Research approach and design Explain quasi-experimental research design Explain the characteristics of the matching only quasi experimental research design Describe different types of quasi-experimental research designs List out the advantages of quasi experimental research design Evaluate the limitation of quasi experimental research design.

3. INTRODUCTION Nursing considered one of the oldest arts, yet finds place among the youngest of professions . Research is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems. The ultimate goal of research is to develop, refine, and expand a body of knowledge. Nursing research is a systematic inquires designed to develop knowledge about the issues of importance to nurses, including nursing practice, education and administration.

4. RESEARCH APPROACH Research approach and research design are two terms that are frequently used interchangeably Research design basically provides an outline of how the research will be carried out and the methods that will be used It includes the descriptions of the research approaches, dependent and independent variables, sampling design and a planned format for data collection, analysis and presentation.

5. RESEARCH DESIGN The research design is the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analysing the needed information in a research study DEFINITION OF RESEARCH DESIGN Research design can be defined as a blueprint to conduct research studies, which involve the description of research approach, study setting, sampling size, sampling technique, tools and method of data collection and analysis to answer specific research questions or for testing research hypotheses.

6. Thus the quasi experimental research came into existence. Quasi-experimental design can be more easily implemented in natural settings and one can make direct assessment of subjects, find out the effects of a specific treatment introduced by the researcher, and while doing so the researcher can also minimize the influence of extraneous variables

7. TERMINOLOGIES SL NO TERMS USED IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH TERMS USED IN NURSING RESEARCH 01 Randomized controlled trial True experimental research design 02 Non-randomized controlled trial Quasi experimental research design 03 Observational study design Non-experimental research design 04 Case control study design Retrospective study design 05 Cross-sectional/ cross-sectional descriptive study design Descriptive study design 06 Case series - 07 Case report -

8. OUASI EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

9. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN Quasi experimental research design also called as non-randomized control . In other words, quasi experimental designs have an element of manipulation but lack the randomization and sometimes even the control group for comparison, which are essential properties of the RCTs.

10. Quasi experimental designs are generally used to establish the causality (effect of independent variable on dependent variable) In situations where researchers are not able randomly assign the subjects to groups or for various reasons in certain situations cannot have a control group for comparison in an experimental study

11. Design The first part of creating a quasi-experimental design is to identify the variables. The   quasi-independent variable  will be the x-variable, The predicted outcome is the  dependent variable , which is the y-variable. Once the variables have been identified and defined, a procedure should then be implemented and group differences should be examined

12. Quasi-experiments are also effective because they use the "pre-post testing". Quasi experiments have independent variables that already exist such as age, gender, eye colour. These variables can either be continuous (age) or they can be categorical (gender). In short, naturally occurring variables are measured within quasi experiments .

13. DEFINITION Abraham & MacDonald (2011) state: "Quasi-experimental research is similar to experimental research in that there is manipulation of an independent variable. It differs from experimental research because either there is no control group, no random selection, no random assignment, and/or no active manipulation."

14. According to Mcburney & White (2007) ‘quasi experiment is a research procedure in which the scientist must select subjects for different conditions from pre-existing groups’. According to Broota (1989) “All such experimental situations in which the experimenter does not have full control over the assignment of experimental units randomly to the treatment conditions or the treatment cannot be manipulated are called quasi experimental design.”

15. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS Manipulation of the independent variables to observe the effects on the dependent variables Lacks randomization of participants to experimental groups, Quasi independent variables are used instead of true independent variables where independent variables are not manipulated in a completely controlled situation.  

16. TYPES OF QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS Quasi experimental designs may be several types, 1 . NON RANDOMIZED CONTROL GROUP DESIGN 2. NON EQUVALENT CONTROL GROUP POST TEST ONLY DESIGN 3. TIME SERIES NON EQUVALENT CONTROL GROUP DESIGN 4. TIME SERIES DESIGN 5. TIME SERIES DESIGN WITH WITHDRAWN AND REINSTITUTION TREATMENT DESIGN 6. ONE GROUP PRETEST POST TEST DESIGN

17. . For example, a quasi experimental study was planned to assess the effect of older people’s involvement in social services on their loneliness among elderly residing in selected old age homes in New Delhi.

18. NON EQUVALENT CONTROL GROUP POST TEST ONLY DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP TREATMENT POST-TEST EXPERIMENTAL GROUP POST-TEST

19. For example a study is carried out to assess the effect of VAP prevention bundle on VAP related morbidity and mortality among critically ill patients admitted on selected ICUs of a tertiary care hospital.

20. TIME SERIES DESIGN Experimental group EXPERIMENTAL GROUP O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 TREATMENT O6

21. For example a researcher may evaluate pain level of a group of patient having lower back pain. After assessing of pain as long as 3 weeks participants are educated about special exercises to manage the pain. Then weekly pain level would be evaluated for next 3 weeks.

22. TIME SERIES DESIGN WITH WITHDRAWN AND REINSTITUTION TREATMENT DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP O1 O2 O6 O5 O3 O4 O8 O7 T REATMENT Reinstitute Withdrawn

23. ONE GROUP PRETEST POST TEST DESIGN . EXPERIMENTAL GROUP PRE-TEST Treatment Post-test

24. For example a study on the effect of interventions on the stress coping resources of associate degree nursing students. In this study a pretest and post test design was used to examine three groups in nursing programme . Each group completed the instrument coping resources inventory for stress CRIS at the beginning at the end of the first year of nursing course.

25. The modified curriculum group received interventions for the development of stress coping resources in their initial nursing course the second group experienced self directed interventions for the first year degree nursing students resulted concluded that curriculum intervention for first year degree nursing students resulted in a measures increase of stress monitoring and tension control coping resources.

26. ADVANTAGES Quasi experimental designs are more frequently used This design is more suitable for real world natural setting than true experimental research designs. It allows researchers to evaluate the impact of quasi independent variables under naturally occurring conditions. It may able to establish casual relationship relationship wherein some of the hypotheses are practically answered through this design only.  

27. It is considered as a weak experimental design is poor control over confounding variables which could negatively affect the study results. There is no control over extraneous variables influencing the dependent variables The absence of a control group or a lack of control over the research setting makes the results of this design less reliable and weak DISADVANTAGES

28. CONCLUSION Quasi-experimental research involves the manipulation of an independent variable without the random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions. Among the important types are nonequivalent groups designs, pretest-posttest , and interrupted time-series designs.

29. Quasi-experimental research eliminates the directionality problem because it involves the manipulation of the independent variable. It does not eliminate the problem of confounding variables, however, because it does not involve random assignment to conditions. For these reasons, quasi-experimental research is generally higher in internal validity than correlational studies but lower than true experiments