"Harnessing the Power of Wind for a Sustainable Future"

Wind Energy: A Sustainable and Renewable Power Source

Wind energy is a clean, renewable, and rapidly growing source of electricity that harnesses the kinetic energy of moving air to generate power. As one of the most promising solutions for reducing dependence on fossil fuels, wind energy plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting energy security.

Wind power is generated through wind turbines, which convert wind’s kinetic energy into mechanical power and then into electricity. These turbines are strategically placed in areas with consistent and strong wind patterns, such as offshore locations, open plains, and hilltops. Advances in turbine technology have led to increased efficiency, reduced costs, and greater scalability, making wind energy an economically viable alternative to traditional energy sources.

The benefits of wind energy extend beyond environmental sustainability. It contributes to job creation, economic development, and energy diversification, ensuring a stable and resilient power grid. Unlike fossil fuel-based power plants, wind farms require minimal water for operation, making them an ideal solution for water-scarce regions. Additionally, technological innovations, such as floating wind farms and improved energy storage systems, are expanding the potential of wind power in various geographical and climatic conditions.

Despite its numerous advantages, wind energy faces challenges such as intermittency, land use concerns, and potential impacts on wildlife. However, ongoing research and development efforts continue to improve turbine design, energy storage solutions, and grid integration strategies, ensuring that wind power remains a reliable and efficient component of the global energy mix.

As governments and industries worldwide shift toward sustainable energy solutions, wind energy stands as a cornerstone of the clean energy transition, driving the world toward a more sustainable and carbon-neutral future.

1. DR. Iman El- Mahallawy Wind Energy DR. Rania Mohamed 26 December 2023

2. Members of The Team Abdelrahman Genedy Mohamed 9220427 Sydney Gama 9204231 Orginous saad elabd dabbous 9231392 Dier Garang Nyuat Jojo 9203885 Michael Victor Anwar 9220636

3. Renewable Energy It is energy that comes from a source that won't run out. They are natural, self-replenishing, and usually have a low or zero-carbon footprint.

4. Forms of Renewable Energy

5. Wind Energy Wind energy is a form of renewable energy extracted from the wind by the rotation of wind turbines to produce electrical energy. Wind is caused by uneven heating of the atmosphere by the Sun, irregularities of the Earth’s surface, and rotation of the Earth.

6. History of Wind Energy 5000 BC: People used wind energy to propel boats along Niles. By 200 BC: simple wind-powered water pumps were used and windmills with woven-reed blades were used for grinding grain. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, small wind-electric generators (wind turbines) were also widely used. I n the 1930s , The number of wind pumps and wind turbines declined as rural electrification programs extended power lines to most farms and ranches across the country.

7. Wind Resources Several factors contribute to the determination of wind resources in a given area. These factors include: Wind Speed: The primary factor influencing wind resources . Higher wind speeds generally result in greater wind power potential.

8. Power vs Speed

9. Speed vs Height Altitude: Wind speed generally increases with altitude due to reduced ground friction.

10. Wind Resources Wind Direction: Consistent and predictable wind direction allows for optimal placement of wind turbines and efficient power generation. Turbulence: High turbulence levels can affect the efficiency and performance of wind turbines, potentially reducing power generation. Proximity to Large Bodies of Water: Results in higher wind speed.

11. Wind Resources Terrain and Topography: Smooth, unobstructed terrain with open spaces allows for the uninterrupted flow of wind and higher wind speeds. Climate Patterns: Areas with consistent and strong wind patterns, such as trade winds or prevailing westerlies, tend to have higher wind power potential . Micro siting: I mpacts the overall efficiency and performance of a wind farm.

12. Mean Wind Speed Speed Increase

13. Mean Wind Speed in Egypt

14. Wind Power

15. Power in Wind Power = 0.5 * ρ * A * v 3 * Cp Power: is the available power in the wind (in watts) ρ: is the air density (in kg/m3) A: is the swept area of the wind turbine rotor (in m2) V: is the wind speed (in m/s) Cp: is the power coefficient (dimensionless), which represents the efficiency of the wind turbine in extracting power from the wind

16. POWER 0.5 * ρ * A * v 3 * Cp ρ: Air Density CP: Power Coefficient A: Swept Area V: Wind Speed

17. How do wind Turbines Work Kinetic Energy Mechanical Energy Generator Electrical Energy

18. How do wind Turbines Work

19. Wind energy storage technologies The wind since is not constant all the time, there is a need of some technologies to make the energy available for later use when the wind is not moving. These technologies are listed and their uses, advantages and disadvantages in brief. These technologies include: pumped-hydroelectric energy storage (PHES), underground pumped-hydroelectric energy storage (UPHES), compressed air energy storage (CAES), battery energy storage (BES) and super capacitor energy storage ( SCES).

20. Pumped-hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) Pump + turbine in the same device Two large water reservoirs located at different elevations At off-peak, water is pumped to upper reservoir from lower reservoir At peak electrical demand, water flows to the lower reservoir Water flowing down turns a turbine connected to a generator This has an efficiency of 50-80%

21. Diagram of PHES

22. Cost of PHES Ranges from $600/kW to $2000/kW This cost is due to size, location and connection to the power grid Disadvantages Depends on specific geological location eg. Remote areas High initial construction cost

23. Underground Pumped-hydroelectric storage Working principle is the same as PHES The only difference is the location of the upper reservoir The upper reservoir is on the ground level and the lower reservoir is under it No need for specific geological location

24. Cost The cost-effectiveness is the same as PHES Disadvantages Large scale required High-cost capital Difficult to analyse and trust the performance of this technology

25. Types of wind Turbines Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs): Horizontal-axis turbines have blades like airplane propellers and commonly have three blades. The largest horizontal-axis turbines are as tall as 20-story buildings and have blades over 100 feet long. Taller turbines with longer blades generate more electricity.

26. Types of wind Turbines 2. Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) : A vertical axis wind turbine is a wind turbine where the main rotor shaft is set transverse to the wind while the main components are located at the turbine’s base. VAWTs can operate at lower wind speeds than HAWTs, which means they can be used in areas with less consistent wind.

27. Types of wind Turbines 3. Offshore Wind Farms: An offshore wind farm can be defined as a power plant that contains all the facilities needed to capture wind power, transform it into electricity, and supply it to the main electricity network.

28. Advantages of Wind Energy: 1) Wind Energy is an inexhaustible source of energy and is virtually a limitless resource. 2) Energy is generated without polluting the environment. 3) This source of energy has tremendous potential to generate energy on a large scale. 4) Like solar energy and hydropower, wind power taps a natural physical resource.

29. Advantages of Wind Energy: 5) Windmill generators don’t emit any emissions that can lead to acid rain or greenhouse effect. 6) Wind Energy can be used directly as mechanical energy. 7) In remote areas, wind turbines can be used as great resource to generate energy. 8) In combination with Solar Energy they can be used to provide reliable as well as steady supply of electricity. 9) Land around wind turbines can be used for other uses, e.g. Farming.

30. Disadvantages of Wind Energy: 1) Wind energy requires expensive storage during peak production time. 2) It is an unreliable energy source as winds are uncertain and unpredictable. 3) There is a visual and aesthetic impact on the region. 4) Requires large open areas for setting up wind farms. 5) The noise pollution problem is usually associated with windmills. 6) Wind energy can be harnessed only in those areas where the wind is strong enough and the weather is windy for most parts of the year.

31. Disadvantages of Wind Energy: 7) Usually places, where wind power set-up is situated, are away from the places Where electricity demand is there. Transmission from such places increases the cost of electricity. 8) The average efficiency of wind turbines is very low compared to fossil fuel Power plants. We might require many wind turbines to produce a similar impact. 9) It can be a threat to wildlife. Birds do get killed or injured when they fly into turbines. 10) The maintenance cost of wind turbines is high as they have mechanical parts that undergo wear and tear over time.

32. References https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/wind-energy-basics https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Wind-energy https://www.tycorun.com/blogs/news/wind-energy-conversion-system http://www.ianswer4u.com/2012/02/wind-energy-advantages-and.html#axzz3Qs5RV0Sb https://www.greenrhinoenergy.com/renewable/wind/ https://globalwindatlas.info/ar/area/Saudi%20Arabia

33. Conclusion Finally, We have talked about: Definition and history of wind energy Wind resources Wind power Wind turbines Storage and cost of wind energy Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy Wind energy capacity

34. Any Question?

35. Thank You