"Intro to EE: Lesson 1 Overview Guide".pptx

Electrical Engineering (EE) is a dynamic and essential field that focuses on the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. It plays a critical role in shaping modern technology and impacts numerous sectors, including energy, telecommunications, healthcare, and transportation. The origins of electrical engineering date back to the late 19th century, with pioneers like Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla paving the way for innovations in electrical systems. Edison’s work on the incandescent light bulb and Tesla’s development of alternating current (AC) systems were transformative, leading to the establishment of electrical engineering as a distinct academic discipline by the early 20th century. This growth was fueled by the rapid advancement of technologies such as the telegraph, telephone, and radio.

Key concepts in electrical engineering are fundamental to its various applications. Voltage, measured in volts (V), represents the electric potential difference that drives current through a circuit. Current, measured in amperes (A), is the flow of electric charge, which can be direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). Resistance, measured in ohms (Ω), indicates how much a material opposes the flow of current. Ohm’s Law connects voltage, current, and resistance, while power, expressed in watts (W), quantifies the rate of energy consumption or production, calculated using the relationship between voltage and current.

Electrical engineering encompasses several specialized branches. Power engineering focuses on the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power, ensuring efficient energy delivery and integrating renewable sources. Control systems involve modeling and controlling dynamic systems using feedback mechanisms, which are crucial for automation and robotics in various industries. Electronics is concerned with designing and applying electronic circuits and devices, including both analog and digital components, essential for consumer products and communication systems. Telecommunications focuses on transmitting information over distances, designing systems for mobile networks and satellite communications to enable reliable data transfer. Signal processing involves analyzing and manipulating signals, such as audio and video data, developing algorithms for filtering and enhancing these signals. Microelectronics centers on designing small electronic components like integrated circuits (ICs), which are critical for the development of compact electronic devices.

The applications of electrical engineering are vast and impactful. In the energy sector, engineers design and optimize power generation systems, including renewable energy sources like wind and solar. In consumer electronics, they create devices such as smartphones and home appliances that enhance user experience and energy efficiency. Additionally, electrical engineers contribute to healthcare by designing medical devices and imaging systems

1. Introduction to Electrical Engineering Group 1: Jonathan Melandro A. Espinosa Verniel Ann Acut Leslie Podelana Fhazney Pardillo Melchezideck Delada

2. SI Units (International System of Units) Voltage – Volts (V) Current – Ampere (A) Resistance – Ohm ( Ω ) Z-Impedance - Ohm ( Ω ) Capacitance – Farad (F) Inductance – Henry (H)

3. Charge Is the property of subatomic particles that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electrical and magnetic field. Examples of the type of charges are subatomic particles or the particles of matter: Protons - Positively charged Electrons – Negatively charged Neutrons – Zero charge

4. Coulomb It is the unit of electric charge One coulomb is the quantity of charge transferred in one second Mathematically; Q = It Where Q is the electric charge, I is the electric current and t is the time

5. Properties of Electric Charge Additivity of Elctrical Charge Conservation of Electric Charge Quantization of Electric Charge

6. Additivity of Electric Charge Additivity of charge means the total charge on a system is the algebraic sum (with proper signs) of all individual charges in the system.

7. Conservation of Electric Charge Conservation of charge is the principle that the total electric charge is isolated system never changes. The net quantity of electric charge, the amount of positive charge minus the negative charge in the universe is always conserved.

8. Quantization of Electric Charge According to the principle of quantization of electric charge, all the free charges are integral multiples of a basic predefined unit, which we denote by e. Thus, the charge possessed by a system can be given as, q = n e Where n is an integer and e is the basic unit of charge, that is, the charge carried by an electron or a proton. The value of e is C  

9. Types of Electric Charge Negative charge Has more electrons than protons Positive charge Has more protons than electrons When there is an identical number of positive and negative charges, the negative and positive charges would cancel out each other, and the object would become neutral.

10. Coulomb’s Law The magnitude of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

11. Force The repulsive or attractive interaction between any two charged bodies is called an electric force. Similar to any force, its impact and effects on the given body are described by Newton’s laws of motion.

12. Formula of Electric force =K Where, is the electric force directed between two charged bodies. K is the constant of proportionality. and are the amounts of charge each body. is the distance between the charged bodies. is the variable unit vector.  

13. Sample Problem 1.) A +10 µC point charge is 25cm away from a -20 µC point charge. Calculate the magnitude of the electric force between them. Solution: =K = = 28.8N We neglect the sign because we are not finding the direction.  

14. Work In an electric circuit, charges travel while transferring some electrical energy. When they move from a higher to a lower or lower to a higher potential difference, the circuit I put to work.

15. Work The quantity of energy transferred in the duration in which the charges were in motion can be used to calculate the rate of accomplishing work. Therefore work done or electrical energy expanded; Where is measured in volts, , is the electric charge in coulombs and is the work done Joule (or watt-second) is the basic unit of electrical energy  

16. Sample Problem The potential difference between two terminals of a sell is . Find the work done in moving of charge acros s the cell. Solution;  

17. Power It is the rate at which the work is being done in a electric circuit. Simply put, it is a measure of how much energy is used In a span of time.

18. Power The formula of electric power is given by the equation; Where; is the power is the potential difference in the circuit is the electric current  

19. Power Power can also be written as; or The above two expressions are obtained by using the Ohm’s law, where, voltage, current and resistance ar e related by the following relation: Where; is the resistance in the circuit is the potential difference in the circuit is the electric current  

20. Sample problem A battery is connected to a resistor having a resistance of . What is the current and power of the resistor? Solution; or  

21. Ohm’s Law Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperatures remain constant.

22. Relationship Between Voltage, Current and Resistance Analyzing rows 1, 2 and 3, we an conclude that doubling ad tripling the voltage leads to doubling and tripling of the current in the circuit. Likewise when we compare rows 1 and 4, and rows 2 and 5, we cam understand that doubling the total resistance serves to half the current in the circuit.

23. Water Pipe Analogy for Ohm’s Law Ohm’s law describes the current flow through a resistance when different electric potentials (voltage) are applied at each end of the resistance. As seen in the figure, the voltage is analogous to water pressure, the current is the amount of water flowing through the pipe, and the resistance is the size of the pipe. More water will flow through the pipe (current) when more pressure is applied (voltage) and the bigger the pipe (lower the resistance)

24. Ohm’s Law Magic triangle      

25. Sample Problem If the resistance of an electric iron is and a current of flows through the resistance. Find the voltage between two points. Solution:    

26. Sample Problem 2.) An EMF source of 8.0 V is connected to a purely resistive electrical appliance (a light bulb). An electric current of 2.0 A flows through it. Consider the conducting wires to be resistance-free. Calculate the resistance offered by the electrical appliance . Solution:  

27. Resistance Electrical resistance is defined as the property of an electrical component to resist the flow of electric current. The unit of electrical resistance is  

28. Series Circuit A simple electrical circuit known as a series circuit simply has one path for current to travel through. A series circuit will travel straight through each of its various components if you follow it from one side to the other. In a series circuit, every component must be connected; if any are broken or disconnected, the circuit will not work.

29. All components in a series circuit conduct the same current : I total  = I 1  = I 2  = . . . I n The total equivalent resistance of a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual resistances : R total  = R 1  + R 2  + . . . R n The total voltage drop in a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual voltage drops: V total  = V 1  + V 2  + . . . V n Series Circuit Fundamentals

30. Using Ohm’s Law in a Single Resistor Circuit  

31. Total Resistance in a Series Circuit  

32. We have essentially calculated the sum of the equivalent resistances of R1, R2, and R3. With this knowledge, we can redisplay the circuit and represent the series combination of R1, R2, and R3 with a single equivalent resistor: Using Ohm’s Law to Calculate Circuit Current in a Series Circuit  

33. Calculate Voltage Drop in a Series Circuit   Notice that sum of the voltage drops ( 1.5 + 5.0 + 2.5 = 9.0 V) is equal to the battery (supply) voltage of 9 V.  This is the third principle of series circuits—the total voltage drop in a series circuit equals the sum of the individual voltage drops.  

34. Parallel Circuit The branches of a parallel circuit divide the current such that only a portion of it flows through each branch. The fundamental idea of a "parallel" connection, on the other hand, is that all components are connected across one another's leads. In a circuit with only parallel connections, there can never be more than two sets of electrically connected points. There are numerous current flow paths, but all components share a single voltage.

35. Parallel Circuit Fundamentals The voltage is the same for all components in a parallel circuit: V 1  = V 2  = . . . V n The total parallel circuit current is the sum of the individual branch currents:  I total  = I 1  + I 2  + . . . I n The total resistance of a parallel circuit is  less  than any of the individual brand resistances :    

36. Using Ohm’s Law for Parallel Circuits to Determine Current  V  

37. Using Ohm’s Law for Parallel Circuits to Determine Current  V    

38. Calculate Total Resistance in a Parallel Circuit By applying Ohm’s law to the total circuit with voltage (9 V) and current (14.4 mA), we can calculate the total effective resistance of the parallel circuit.  

39. Conductance Conductance measures how easy it is for electric current to flow and is the inverse of resistance. Conductance is symbolized by the letter “G” and is measured in units of siemens or mhos .  

40. Conductance is the measure of how easy it is for electric current to flow through something Conductance is symbolized by the letter “G”  Conductance is the inverse of resistance: G = 1/R Conductance is measured in units of Siemens or mhos Conductance

41. Example of conductance in a series circuit   Since conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, we can write the above formula as;   Then ; or  

42. Example of Conductance in a Parallel Circuit Since conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, we can write the above formula as;   Then ; or       We can then rewrite it as;

43. END OF PRESENTATION