"Powering Tomorrow: NHPC's Vision for Sustainable Energy Solutions"

NHPC Limited, also known as National Hydroelectric Power Corporation, is a leading hydropower generation company in India. Established in 1975, NHPC plays a crucial role in harnessing the country's abundant hydroelectric potential. With a diverse portfolio of power projects across India, NHPC is committed to sustainable development and clean energy generation. It's a vital player in India's energy sector, contributing significantly to the nation's power supply and economic growth.

1. A PROJECT REPORT ON
NATIONAL HYDROELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
SESSION (2023-2024)
Under the guidance of: Submitted by:
(Name of internal guide) (Name of the student)
(Designation) ROLL NO:
DAYANAND ACADMY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, KANPUR
AFFILIATED TO C.S.J.M. UNIVESITY, KANPUR

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and
regards to my internal guide Mr. / Mrs._______
for his/her constant inspiration, supervision and
invaluable guidance during the training. I would
also like to thank ________ for giving me such
an opportunity.
With Regards
Mahit Katiyar

3. PREFACE
A Professional course in (Bachelor of Business
Administration) is incomplete unless the theoretical
knowledge acquired in the classroom is backed up the
practical expose as theories alone do not given perfection
to any discipline. The gap between theory and practiced is
bridged by the summer training, which has been an
integral part of the syllabus.
This present Project report is an image of what I have done
and observed during my research project in __________
I was assigned a project__________
I have tried my level best to be as a systematic as possible
and to avoid any sort of biases.

4. STUDENT DECLARATION
I, ________ student of B.B.A at Dayanand Academy of
Management Studies, Kanpur of here by declare that
the project work entitled study on
the_____________.. Is compiled and submitted under
the guidance of ______________ This is my original
work.
Whatever information furnished in this project report is
true to the best of my knowledge.

Name:
BBA First year
ROLL NO.

5. COLLEGE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Mrs._______________
A student of BBA II semester has successfully completed his project
report entitled
“_______________________________________
________________________________________
___________________________________”
The work is original and carried out under the guidance &
supervision of the undersigned.
We wish him/her all the best and successful and bright future.
(Signature of supervisor)
Name:____________________
Designation:___________________

6. CHAPTER-1-INTRODUCTION
Electricity is a set of phenomenon associated with the
presence and motion of matter processing an electric
charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part
of the phenomenon of electromagnetism as described by
Max well equation. The common phenomenon are related
to electricity including lighting, static electricity, electric
heating, electric discharges and many others.
It is the presence of either a positive or negative electric
charge produces an electric field. The motion of electric
charges is an electric current and produces a magnetic field.
In most application COULOMB’S LAW determine the force
acting on a electric charge. Electric potential is the work
done to move an electric charge from one point to another
within an electric field typically measured in VOLTS.

7. HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY
Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of stocks from electric fish. Ancient
Egyptians text dating from 2750 BCE describe them as the protectors of all other fish. Electric fish were
again reported millennia letter by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Several
ancient writers such as PLINY THE ELDER and SCRIBONIUS LARGUS, attested to the numbering effect
of electric shock delivered by electric catfish and electric rays and new that such shocks could travel along
conducting object. Patients with ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch the electric
fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them.
Ancient culture around the Mediterranean knew that certain object, such as road of amber, could be rubbed
with cat’s fur to attract light object like features. Thales of Miletus made a series of observation on static
energy around 600 BCE, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic in contrast to
minerals such as magnetic, which needed no rubbing.
Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to magnetic effect, but later scientists would prove a
link between mechanism and electricity. According to controversial theory, the parthians may have
knowledge of electroplating. Based on 1936 discovered of the baghtad battery, which resembles a
galvanic cell though it is uncertain that the artifact was electrical in nature

8. CONTINUE
Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until
1600, when the english scientist WILLIAM GILBERT wrote de magnet, in which
he made careful study of electricity and mechanism, disturbing the lodest stone
effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber he coined the neo-latin
word electricus to refer the property of attracting small objects after being
rubbed. This association gave rise to english word electric and electricity which
made their first experience in print in THOMAS BROWNE’S Pseudodoxia
epidemica of 1646.
Further work was conducted in the 17
th
and early 18
th
centuries by OTTO VON
GUERICKE, ROBERT BOYLE, STEPHEN GRAY and C.F. DU FAY. Later in the
18
th
century, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN conducted extensive research in electricity,
selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have
attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite sitting and flown the kite
in a storm-threatened sky. A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the
back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature. He also
explained apparently paradoxical behaviour of the leyden jar was a device for
storing a large amount of electrical charge in term of electricity considering of
both positive and negative changes.

9. CONTINUE
In 1775, HURG WILLIAMSON reported a series
of experiment to the royal society of the
shocks delivered by electric eel, that same
year the surgeon and anatomist JOHN
HUNTER described the structure of fish
electric organ. In 1971 LUIGI GALVANI
published his discovery of bio electro
magnetic demonstrating that electricity was
the medium by which neurons passed to the
muscles.

10. CHAPTER-2
ABOUT HYDROELCTRIC POWER PLANT
It produced electricity from generators driven by turbines that convert the
potential energy of falling on fast flowing water into mechanical energy.
In the early 21
st
century hydroelectric power was the most widely utilized
form of renewable energy. In 2019 it announced for more than 18% of
the world’s total power generation capacity.
In the generation of hydroelectric power, water is collected or stored at
higher elevation and lead downward through large pipes or tunnels to a
lower elevation. The differences in these two elevations is known as the
Head. At the end of it’s passage down the pipes, the falling water causes
turbine to rotate
The turbine is in turn drive generators, which convert the turbine
mechanical energy into electricity and then used to convert the
alternating voltage suitable for the generators to a higher voltage
suitable for long distance transmission. The structure that houses the
turbine and generators. And into which the pipes or penstocks feed is
called the powerhouse.

11. NATIONAL HYDROELECTRIC POWER
CORPORATION
NHPC LTD. Is an Indian public sector hydropower Company that was incorporated in 1975 to plan, promote and organize an integrated
and efficient development of hydroelectric power. Recently it has expanded to include other source of energy like solar,
geothermal, tidal and wind.
At present, NHPC is a mini-Ratna category enterprise of the Govt. of India among the top 10 companies in the country in terms of
investment basis power station in Salloni Tehsil was the first project undertaken by NHPC.
NHPC is listed o the national stock exchange and Bombay stock exchange on 1
st
Sept.2009. The Govt. of India and state government
has 74.51% share as promoter of the company while remaining 25.49% is public share holding. The total number of share holder
are 191,337 and share capital is Rs.12,300,742,773.
At present NHPC is a scheduled enterprise of the govt. of India with an authorized capital of Rs.150 billion with an investment base of
over Rs.552 billion. Approx in 2015-16 NHPC made profit after tax of Rs.24.40 billion an increase of 15% than the previous year.
The profit of Rs.21.24billion. NHPC is among top 10 companies in Indian team.
NHPC took over execution of Salal Stage I Barisul Loktak hydroelectric project from Central hydroelectric project Control Board .
Since it has extended 22 hydro projects with an install capacity of 6717MW on ownership basis including project taken up in a
joint venture. One wind project of 50 MW has also been commissioned in Oct.2016. NHPC has also execute 5 project with an
installed capacity of 89.35 MW of turkey basis. Two of these projects have been commissioned in neighbouring countries Nepal
and Bhutan at capitalist of 14.160 MW.

12. Hydroelectric power plant are usually located in dams that impounded rivers thereby raising the level of
water behind the dam and creating as high a head as is flexible. The potential power that can be derived from
a volume of water is directly proportional to the working head, so that a high head installation requires a
smaller volume of water than a low head installation to produce an equal amount of power.
In some dams, the powerhouse is constructed on one flank of the dam, part of dam being used as a spill way
over which excess water is discharged in times of flood where the river flows in a narrow steep george, the
powerhouse may be located with in dam itself.
In most communities the demand for electric power varies considerable at different times of the day to event
the load of generators.
Hydroelectric power station are occasionaly build dug off- peak period, some of extra powers available in
supply to the generators operating as a motor.
Driving the turbine to pump water into a elevated resistor then during period of peak demand the water is
allowed to flow down again through the turbine to generate electrical energy pump- storage system are
efficient and provide an economical way to meet peak loads.
In certain coastal areas, such as the raceriver ensurely in Britain, France, hydroelectric power plant has been
constructed to take advantage of rise and fall of tides. When the tide comes in water is improved in one or
more reservoirs. At low tide the water in these reservoirs is released to drive hydroelectric turbines and their
coupled electric generator falling water In one of the three principle source of energy used to generate
electric power the other two being fossil fuels and nuclear fuels.
CONTINUE

13. CHAPTER-3
PARBATI HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
It is located at Bechali village in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Parbati
hydroelectric project is pondage scheme that construction of a gravity type
concrete dam pouring bolster to the hydropower potential of river Parbati Panch
Nallah, Manihar Nallah, Huria Nallah and Sutlej.
Parbati hydroelectric scheme in a 2GW hydroelectric project which was planned to be
developed in three stages. Parbati- I project was abandoned due to environment
failures. The work on Parbati-II and Parbati-III was started simutaneously.
Parbati –II: Hydroelectric project is being developed in Pulga and suind vil
lages in the Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. The project consist of construction of
a 83.7m high concerned gravity dam in the Pulga village in the downstream of
Parbati River and Josh Nallah and surface power house with for Pelton turbine
generator unit with 200 MW capacity each.
In 2017 during the testing a leakage in the powerhouse destroyed the crops of the
nearby villages. With the life storage of 1.2825MC the project Parbati III consist of
43.0 m high rock dam filled at sustainable and fourth pen stock of 3.0 diameter
each.

14. TYPICAL LAYOUT
SOWT ANALYSIS:
STRENGTH:
1)Suitability for exploring various type of dam impact.
2)Explore water quality and habit suitability for different dam management
strategies.
3)Enable strength’s of expert knowledge and impractical data.
4)Appricle at difference.
WEAKNESS:
1)Does not take into account the relevant biotic and a biotic interaction.
2)Non-transparent variable selection.
3)Lack of clear statistical criteria to access the model and relevant thresholds.
4)Lack of modelvalidations.
OPPORTUNITY:
1)Increasing environmental data quality and validity.
2)Growing intrest and technical advance in economical modelling.
3)Integrated modelling become better more reliable.

15. PRAJAPATI HYDROELCTRIC PROJECT
▪DAMS AND IT’S ASSOCIATE PARTS:
Dams are water reservoir or just a water like structure build across a river to retain the water and
increase the flow when needed used for electrical generation and various other functions.
Most of the people have several questions about the basis of dam and various purpose of it. Dams are
structure build for water store for different purpose in the future. In other words we can say that
dams are human created a large material structure to reserve water and to control it’s flow. The
upstream side of dam is called reservoir where the water may have been started for various
requirements.
1)INTEGRATION:
Water reserved in dams is mostly used for irrigation by constructing a dam in a specific water source,
the water is directly transported to the crop fields.
2) FLOOD CONTROL:
The mass of water in dam is also used to control the flood to save many lives near the river area. The
dam build and utilized for flood control hold flood water and release that water into the lower
region of river or simply store and use that for other purpose

16. CONTINUE
3)WATER SUPPLY:
Another function of a dam is storing, purifying and distributing water eventually in
various location through canals and pipelines.
4) HYDRO POWER GENERATION:
In addition to the above purpose the most critical function of creating a dam to
generate electricity. Now a days power may become an essential factor in living
most of the electricity comes. From fresh water reservoir by making a dam
where we convert the mechanical energy of water into electrical energy.
5) WATER STORAGE:
It is multinational and industrial usage, water is started by constructing a dam which
acts a reservoir.
6) NAVIGATION OF FLOW:
We can also navigate water flow in a particular area by just constructing a dam or
lake.
7)CONTROL OR DEHRIVES:
The dam is also used to control pollution. Dam can help safeguard the environment
by storing harmful items and preventing or controlling sedimentation.

17. CHAPTER-4 WATER CONDUCTING
SYSTEM

18. INTAKE STRUCTURE
▪An intake is provided by a mouth of water
converence system for a hydropower project.
▪It is designed such that the following points are
combined as far as possible.
▪There should be head loss of water enter from
reservoir behind dam as the pool behind a barrage
into the water conducting system.
▪There should not be any formation of varieties that
could draw air into the water conducting system.
▪There should be minimum entry or sediment into the
water conducting system.
▪Floating material should not enter into the water
coding system.

19. POWERHOUSE
A powerhouse is a powerful, forceful or dominant group or thing.
In a literal sense a powerhouse is a station or plant that generates
electricity. Although it can still be used this way terms like power
plant and power station are much more common. A powerhouse is
far more commonly used in the figurative way especially in context
of sports and businesses.
The first record of powerhouse comes from around the last quarter of
1880s which make since that was when electrical generation
started to become more practical and wide spread. The word is
simply the combination of power and house in which house is used
as general word for a building, I didn’t take too long for
powerhouse to be used in a figurative way for powerful people or
thing, especially those known for dominating in the field
accompany may be considered a powerful in it’s industry or a
manufacturing powerhouse. Powerhouse is perhaps most often
applied in that are especially touch.

20. CHAPTER-5
COMPONENTS OF POWERHOUSE
▪MAIN INLET VALUE:
Main inlet value is a value which is installed
before water enter into spiral causing of the
hydro turbine water from the dam goes to
the penstock and before water enter the
turbine MIV is an equipment in between that
stops the water for small maintenance
purpose in the turbine hole.

21. GENERATION SYSTEM
▪TURBINE:
A turbine is a machine that plays a key role in
transforming fluid of air energy into usable
work i.e. electrical energy.
With a rotation system at it’s core a turbine
harness the rotational energy generated by the
fluid to produce a wide range of applications
here will delivered into the integrates of
turbine, their types and their role in various
industries and energy generation.

22. UNDERSTANDING TURBINE AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
Turbine achieve their energy conversion through two
printing mechanical gearing and they are primarily
employed for generating electricity, but their uses
extend to powering mechanical system.
Mechanical power derived from turbines trace back to
ancient Greece. The earliest wind wheels were
dependent on gearing and to drive machinery.
This consent of using wind or water as fluid mediums to
drive turbine evolved into what we now call windmills
and water wheels. These were instrumental in grinding
grains by drainage mill stones, as well as powering
other mechanical processes.

23. TYPES OF TURBINE
▪There are three types of turbine-
▪ STEAM TURBINE
▪ WIND TURBINE
▪ GAS TURBINE

24. STEAM TURBINE
Steam turbine is widely employed in convential
power plant, generate mechanical energy from
burning oil, coal or even nuclear power.
Steam turbine is a machine that extract thermal
energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do
mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. It’s
modern manifestation was invented by Charles
Parson in 1884.

25. WIND TURBINE
Wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of
wind into electrical energy.
As of 2020, hundreds of thousands of large turbines, in
installation known as wind farms, where generating over
650 Giga watts of power, with 60GW added each year.
Wind turbine are an important source of intermittent
renewable energy.

26. GAS TURBINE
A gas turbine, gas turbine engine, or also known
by it’s old name INTERNAL COMBUSTION
TURBINE is a type of continuous flow internal
combustion engine. The main parts common
to all gas turbine engine from the power
producing part (known as the Gas generator
or Core) and are in the direction of flow.

27. CHAPTER-6- ELECTRIC
GENERATOR

28. A generator is a device that converts motion bases power or full-based
power into electric power for use in an external circuits. It is a source
of mechanical energy include Steam turbine, Wind turbine, Gas
turbine.
The first electromagnetic generator “THE FARADY DISK” was invented
in (1831) by British scientist “MIACHEL FARADY”. Generator provide
nearly all the power for electrical grids.
In addition to electricity and motion-based design, photo voltaic and
fuel cell powered generators use solar power and hydrogen base
fuels, respectively to generate electrical output.
The reserves conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is
done by an electric motor and generators are very similar. Many
motors can generate electricity from mechanical energy

29. TYPES OF GENERATOR
▪There are 4 types of Generators:
DIRECT CURRENT
HOMOPOLAR GENERATOR
MAGNETO-HYDRO DYNAMIC GENERATOR
INDUCTION GENERATOR

30. DIRECT CURRENT
A dynamo use commutators to produce direct current.
It is self-existed, i.e. it’s field electromagnet are
powered by the machine own output other type of
DC Generator use of separate source of direct
current to engine to their field magnet.

31. HOMOPOLAR GENERATOR
A homo polar generator is a direct current
electrical generator comprising an electrically
conductive disk or cylinder rotating in a plan
perpendicular to a uniform state magnetic field.

32. MAGNETO-HYDRO DYNAMIC
GENERATOR
A magneto-hydro dynamic generator direct extracts
electric power from moving hot gases through a
magnetic field without the use of electro-
magnetic machinery.

33. INDUCTION GENERATOR
It turns mechanical energy into electric current. Induction generator
operate by mechanical training. They rotate faster than the
simultaneous
Speed, Giving negative slip.
It is a regular A.C. Non-simultaneous motor usually can be used as a
generator without any changes to it’s parts.
Induction Generator are used in application like Mini-hydro power plant,
Wind turbine or introducing high pressure gas stream to lower pressure.

34. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
The electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electric energy
from a generating site such as Power Plant to a electrical substation. The
inter connected lines that facilitates this movement from a transmission
network. This is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage
substation and customers, which is typically referred to as electric power
distribution. The combined transmission and distribution network is a
part of electricity delivery, known as the electrical grid.
It is a long-distance transmission of electric power require high voltage. This
reduces the losses produced by strong current. Transmission line used
either alternating current or direct current.
EMIN LEVASSOR and LOUIS-RENE PANHARD are credited with
developing the first manual transmission. LEVASSOR and PANHAR use
a chain drive on their original transmission. Their invention is still the
basic starting plan for contrementary manual transmission.

35. CONTINUE
▪1898-
▪LOUIS RENAULT adopted LEVASSOR and PAN HARD’S
designed by sweeping the chain drive for drive shaft and added
a differential axle for rear wheel to improve performance of
manual transmission.
▪1928-
▪For approximately 30 years automobile in the United States
were build with a non-synchronized manual transmission based
on the PANHARD/LEVASSOR/RENAULT design. However in
1928 CADILLAC introduced a synchronized manual-
transmission which cut-gear grinding by significant amount are
made the shifting processor smoother.

36. CHAPTER-7 TRANSFORMER
It is a device that transfer electric energy from one alternating current circuit to one or more other circuit
either increasing or reducing the voltage. Transformer are employed for widely for varying purposes,
to reduce the voltage of conventional power circuits to operate low voltage device, such as Door Bell
and Toy Electric Train and to raise the voltage from electric generators so that electric power can be
transmitted over long distances.
Transformers change voltage through electromagnetic induction at the magnetic lines of face build up and
collapse with the changes in current passing through the primary coil The current is induced in
another coil, called the SECONDARY VOLTAGE Is calculated by multiplying the primary voltage by
the radio of the number of turns in the secondary coil to the number of turns in the primary coil, a
quality called the TURN RAIO. Air-core transformers are designed to transfer radio frequency current.
The current used for radio transmission, they consist of two or more coil wound around a solid
insulating substance or an insulating coil from iron/core transform serve function in the audio
frequency range.
Impendance- matching transformer are used to match the sound and off it’s code for most efficient
transfer of energy. Isolation transformer are usually employed for reason of safety to isolate a piece of
equipment from source of power.

37. GEOGRPHICAL INFORMATION
SYSTEM(GIS)
A geographic information system consist of integrated
computer hardware and software that store, manage,
analyze, edit, output and visualize geographic data. Much
of this often happened within a spectacle data base.
However, this is non-essential to meet the definition of GIS
in a broad sense. One may consider such a system also to
include human users and support staff producers and work
force. The body of knowledge of relevant concepts nd
method in Industrial organization.
GIS is the most common term for the industry and the
profession concerned with these systems in the roughly
synonymous with the academic discipline that studies
these system and their underline Geographic Principles, it
may also be abbreviated as GIS, but it is more common.

38. CONTINUE
Geographic information system are utilized in multiple technologies
processes technique and method. They are attached to various
operations and numerous applications, that are related to
engineering, planning, management, transport, logistics,
insurance, telecommunication and businesses for this reason,
GST and location intelligence applications are at the foundation
or location- enabled services which relates on geographic
analysis and visualization.
GIS provides the capacity to relate previously unrelated information
through the use of location as the key index variable location and
extends that are founded in the earth space time are able to
reorder through the data and time of occurrence along with X, Y,
Z coordinates, representing longitude (X), latitude(Y) and
elevation (2). All earth days, spatial-temporal, location and extent
reference should be related to one another, and ultimately to a
real, physical location or extent.

39. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
GIS
While digital GIS data to the mid 1960s when ROGER TOMLINSON first counted the phase geographic information
system may of the geographic concepts and methods that GIS automatic data back decade earlier.
One of the first known instance in which spectacle analysis was used came from the field epidemiology.
In 1854, John Snow, an epidemiologist and physician, was able to determine the source of cholera outbreak in
London through Y of spectacle analysis. Snow achieved this through plotting the resistance of each casualty on
a map of the area as well as the near by the area, as well as the nearby water source. Once these points were
marked, he was able to identify the water resource within the cluster that was responsible for the outbreak. This
was one of the earliest successful used of a geographic methology in pinpointing the source of an outbreak in
epidemiology. While the basis elements on topography and them excited previously in cartography, snow’s map
was unique due to his use of cartographic methods, not only to depict, but also to analyze clusts of
geographically dependent phenomenon.
In early 20
th
century saw the development of photozincography which allowed maps to be split into layers.
For Example:
One layer for vegetarian and another for water.
This was particularly used for printing drawing. These was a labour intensives but having them on separate layers
that could be worked on without the other layer to. This work was initially drawn on glass but layer plastic form
was introduced with the advantages of being lighter using less storage space and being less brittle among other
when all the layer were finished.

40. CONTINUE
In 1963 the world’s first true operational GIS were
developed in QTTAWA, ONARIO, Canada by the
federal department of forestry and rural
development.
Developed by Roger Tomlinson, it was called the
Canada Geographic Information System and was
used to store analyze and manipulate data
collected for the Canada land inventory an effort
to determine the land capability for rural Canada
by mapping Information bout soil’s agriculture,
wildlife etc.

41. CHAPTER-8 HYDRO TECHNOLOGY
The hydropower generation industry consist of three group, large hydropower plant,
medium power plant, small hydropower plant. Generally only capacity and grid
function are different. However, the technical solution are similar depends from
contribution the HPP can construct as follow power plant reservoirs power plant
on pumped storage power plant. Generally flow house plant are constructed in
low land region due to low and inefficient water level is reservoir. Usually there are
no reservoir or it is relatively small.
The power plant can stand alone in group or several and comprises on a generator
system. Those system are also called River Cascade. The cascade structure
improves an energy management and allow to control water level on river during
a flood states. Due to cascade system the demand peak balance is possible. It is
an upland region where a reservoir capacity is large enough a reservoir power
plant are constructed. That method allows to easier management of water
suppliers. The pump storage power plant is the last one technology that structure
constructed of to reservoir on different height above sea level. It can be man-
made of natural Example: Two lakes it is if the upper water tank is supplied by
small water source to cover vapourise and filtrate losses. The essential function of
this technology is to cover demand during the days and storage energy.
Overproduction during the night structure with larger reservoir mass storage
water supplies for season or even for a few year.

42. BARRAGE
The major and the most expensive part of the hydropower plant is
barrage. It constructs across the river for water accumulation inside
the dam are made ducts where the hydro turbine are installed. A fine
filter is installed is penstock intake to separate solid waste from
water which flow to turbine.
The dam is severe problem for many species of river animal. Example:
For to help them in their travel to the upper reaches the dam often
has a special fish duct which allow them to pass the dam.

The solution decreases the dam impact on environment. However
provides also to decrease the dam efficiency and adjustability
easiness. Therefore on a smaller and less important river dam does
not have fish duct and fishes are transported to upper regions in
unnatural way. Inside ducts are shutting to control the water flow.
Above figure shows dam with butterfly shutting however there are
many types depend from requirement. The next are essential device
inside the duct is hydro turbine.

44. HYDRO TURBINE
It depends from condition, gullet and rotator structure.
There are several types of hydro turbine.
TYPES OF HYDRO TURBINE
1.PELTON TURBINE
2. KAPLAN TURBINE
3. FRANCIS TURBINE
4. BANKA TURBINE

45. PELTON TURBINE
The PELTON TURINE consists of wheels with attached double bowl
vane. From the spike nozzle the water flow against the vane and
give them their energy. The uses water falls down into lower
reservoir. Whole rotator is above the water level of lower tank. The
vane does not touch the used water. The nozzle allows to regulate
the stream. If the turbine is rapidly unburden. The nozzle regulate
system push water in other direction and after that the string closes
the nozzle. That mechanism prevents the duct from rapid pressure
elevation. The pelton turbine required relatively high slope.

46. KAPLAN TURBINE
The Kaplan turbine is a propeller- type water turbine which has adjustable blades.
It was the vans drive is posed inside the rotator hub from the duct water flow
into spiral chamber where the steering system increase water velocity and
provide it onto turbine vans on whole turbine ambit.
A special space of outflow duct, the water velocity is lower is close distance of the
turbine outflow than is further part of duct. Therefore a slope is a little bit
increased to improve total efficiency. The vane and steering system regulation
and conjurate. There are a lot of sub-type of the Kaplan turbine.
Example: Bulb hydro unit, well hydro-unit with vertical on screw position, hydro-
unit with external generator, straflo type hydro- unit.

47. FRANCIS TURBINE
The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that
combines radial and axial flow concepts. Francis turbines are the most common
water turbine in use today, and can achieve over 95% efficiency.
The process of arriving at the modern Francis runner design took from 1848 to
approximately 1920. It became known as the Francis turbine around 1920, being
named after British-American engineer JAMES B. FRANCIS who in 1848 created a
new turbine design.
Francis turbines are primarily used for producing electricity. The power output of the
electric generators general ranges from just a few kilowatts up to 1000 MW, though
mini-hydro installations may be lower. The best performances is seen when the
head height is between 100-300metres.

48. COMPONENTS OF FRANCIS
TURBINE
▪SPIRAL CASING
▪GUIDE AND STAY VANES
▪DRAFT TUBE

SPIRAL CASING
The spiral casing around the runner of the turbine is known as
the Volute Casing or Scroll case. Throughout it’s lengths it
has numerous operating at regular intervals to allow the
working fluid to impinge on blades of the runner. These
openings convert the pressure energy of the fluid into
kinetic energy just before the fluid impinges on the blades.
This maintains a constant velocity despite the fact that
numerous openings have been provided for the fluid to
enter the blades.

49. GUIDE AND STAY VAES
Guide vanes are fixed groups in turbine that help direct water, gas or
air around bents at maximum efficiency as impellers increases or
decreases the flow of substance through a system, through guide
vanes ensure that the substance is passed evenly and as
smoothly as possible. One way to compare these vanes is to
compare them to rifle barrels. As fire arms involve they were
manufactured to have small string pattern grooves in the barrels.
This allowed the projectile to spin as it left the barrel making the
projectile more accurate. Guide vanes work in this way
decreasing surface area resistance in both example only improve
efficiency.

50. DRAFT TUBE
A draft tube is a driving tube fitted at the exit of
turbine’s runner and use of utilize the kinetic energy
available with water at the exit of the runner.
The draft tube at the end of the turbine increases the
pressure of the existing fluid at the expense of it’s
velocity. This means that the turbine can reduce
pressure with a higher extent without the fear of
backflow from the tail race.

51. CONTINUE
In an impulse turbine the available head is high and there is no
significant effect on the efficiency if the turbine is placed a
couple of meter above the tail race. But in the case of
reaction turbine, if the net head is low and if the turbine is
installed above the tail race, there can be applicable loss, in
available pressure the head to power the turbine also if the
pressure of the fluid is higher than the tail race at the exit of
turbine, a backflow of liquid into turbine can result in a
significant damage.
By placing a draft tube at the exit of the turbine, the turbine
pressure head is increased by decreasing the existing
velocity. Both the overall efficiency and output or the
turbine can be improved.

52. TYPES OF DRAFT TUBE
▪CONICAL DIFFUSER OR STRAIGHT DIVERGENT TUBE-
This type of draft tube consist of a conical diffusers with half angle
generally less than equal to 10% to prevent flow separation it is
usually employed for low specific speed.
▪SIMPLE ELBOW TYPE DRAFT TUBE-
It consist of an extent of an elbow tight tube. Generally used when
turbine has to be placed close to the tail race. It help to cut down
the cost of excavation and the exit diameter should be as large as
possible to cover Kinetic energy.
▪ELBOW WITH VARYING CROSS SECTION-
It is similar to bend draft tube extent the bent part is of varying cross
section with rectangular outlet. The horizontal position of draft
tube is generally inclined as a prevent.

53. BANKA TURBINE
The Banka turbine is less expensive and the
smaller machine. This capacity is from tens to
several hundred KW. Thus it is solution for
small powerhouse plant. This turbine can
operate with relatively low scope as a smaller
power plant that energy extension require
pipe on in flow, outflow and stating when one
of the disadvantages is that the turbine has to
be installed above the water level in low
reservoir.

54. CONCLUSION
Hydropower is renewable and environment friendly
source of energy. As hydropower station have
the inherit ability for operation. They are more
responsible than more other energy source of
meeting peak demand and improving relatively
of the power system. Performance of power
operating station are graduated through various
parameters such as capacity of utilization,
annual generation, sales and revenue realization
specified by regulatory bodies like CEA and
CERC.