Radburn

Radburn, New Jersey is a town planned in 1929 by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright and landscape architect Marjorie Sewell Cautley.
It is based on Radburn Theory of Town Planning.
It is America's first garden community serving as a worldwide example of the harmonious blending of private area and open spaces.
The intent was to built a community which made provisions for the complexities of modern life while still providing open spaces and being economically viable
The community was intended to be a self sufficient entity with residential, Commercial and industrial areas each supplementing the needs of others.

1. RADBURN Submitted by: Aastha Trivedi Aman Srivastava Aniket Srivastava Ansh Bishnoi Anshuman Verma Ashlesha Chetna Bhanwal Mudit Gaur Submitted to: Ar. Anjali Kwatra

2. CONTENT:

3. INTRODUCTION RADBURN’S PLANNING by: Clarance Stein & Henry Wright 1929 Radburn Created 25000 People 149 Acres 430 Single Houses 90 Row Houses 54 Semi Attached Houses 93 Apartment Units Factors that influenced Rapid Industrialization after World War I Migration of Rural to Cities Dramatic Growth of Cities Housing Cities The need to provide housing and protect from motorized traffic

4. Radburn is located within the borough of fair lawn, Bergen county, new jersey 12 miles from n ew York city Radburn is a planned community started in 1929 by the city housing corporation from the plans developed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright and landscape architect Marjorie Sewell C autley. The city housing corporation acquired a vacant land in new jersey that was easily commutable from New Y ork city The industrialization of the united states after world war I led to a dramatic growth of cities and shift of population Population shift led to severe shortage of housing and Radburn development emerged as a solution to the problem The intent was to built a community which made provisions for the complexities of modern life while still providing open spaces and being economically viable The community was intended to be a self sufficient entity with residential, Commercial and industrial areas each supplementing the needs of others It is America's first garden community serving as a worldwide example of the harmonious blending of private area and open spaces . INTRODUCTION

5. It includes 430 single family homes, 90 row houses, 54 semi attached houses and 93 apartment units along with shopping centres ,open spaces and other amenities. One of the principles that is applied is maximum radius for walking distance from the home to the community should be 400m at most. Shopping areas are situated at the intersecting traffic streets on the outside corners rather than the centre unit The main concept behind the layout of community was cul-de-sac grouping i.e. Cluster grouping and separation of vehicular and pedestrian movements. There are extensive range of recreational activities planned for entire community like tot lots, preschools, sports, aerobics, amateur dramatics, library, clubroom etc. The total area of the city is 139 acres with 23 acres as interior parks and four tennis courts, three baseball fields, two softball fields, two swimming pools, and an archery plaza. Young children and their parents can make use of two toddler playgroup areas, two playgrounds, and a toddler bathing pool. INTRODUCTION

6. To promote environmental consideration by conserving open space, arrange buildings and grounds as to give sunlight, air and a tolerable outlook to even the smallest and cheapest house. Providing self-contained settlement i.e., providing playgrounds, schools, theaters, public buildings, stores and religious buildings all together. Putting factories and other industrial buildings where they can be used without wasteful transportation of goods and people. Develop collectively services as will add to the comfort of the individual, at lower cost than is possible under individual operation. Arrange for the occupancy of houses on a fair basis of cost and services, including the cost of what needs to be done in organizing, building and maintaining the community. To make the place of man’s habitation and industry and to fit the health requirements of his daily life in same area. OBJECTIVES

7. SEPARATION of pedestrian and vehicular movement. SUPER BLOCK - large block surround by main roads. CUL-DE-CAS - houses grouped around small cul - de- cas and each house accessed from main road. Living Room, Bedroom faced garden and parks, service areas to ACCESS ROADS. Remaining Lands – PARKS AREAS. WALKWAYS - designed such that pedestrians can reach social places without crossing automobile street. CONCEPT

8. Inspired by the garden city idea, the city housing corporation of New York acquired a vacant site in new jersey within commuting distance of New York city for the community of Radburn . The industrialization of the United States after World War I led to a dramatic growth of the cities during the 1920's . Population shift led to a severe housing shortage . In answer to the needs of "modern society", Radburn, the " Town for the Motor Age" was created in 1929 . It has 25000 people, 149 acres area, 430 single houses, 90 row houses, 54 semi attached houses, 93 apartment units . Its planners were,   Clarence Stein and   Henry Wright. A diagram showing the street network structure of Radburn and its nested hierarchy . Separate pedestrian paths run through the green spaces between the culs-de-sac and through the central green spine (The shaded area was not built) PLANNING EMERGENCE OF RADBURN PLANNING

9. Henry Wright's "Six Planks for a Housing Platform Plan simply, but comprehensively. Don't stop at the individual property line. Adjust paving, sidewalks, sewers and the like to the particular needs of the property dealt with - not to a conventional pattern. Arrange buildings and grounds so as to give sunlight, air and a tolerable outlook to even the smallest and cheapest house. Provide ample sites in the right places for community use: i.e., playgrounds, school gardens, schools, theatres, churches, public buildings and stores . Put factories and other industrial buildings where they can be used without wasteful transportation of goods or people. Cars must be parked and stored, deliveries made, waste collected - plan for such services with a minimum of danger, noise and confusion. Bring private and public land into relationship and plan buildings and groups of buildings with relation to each other. Develop collectively such services as will add to the comfort of the individual, at lower cost than is possible under individual operation. District with four neighbourhoods, showing the “Six Planks” of Henry Wright. PLANNING RADBURN PLANNING CRITERIA Arrange for the occupancy of houses on a fair basis of cost and service, including the cost of what needs to be done in organizing, building and maintaining the community.

10. The street plan formed a pattern of rectangular blocks divided into rectangular lots that were usually very narrow to conserve on utility lines and very deep to conserve on streets . PLANNING PLANNING OF RADBURN The curvilinear design was then revised to give some resemblance of character to the subdivision to subdue to deadly monotony of parallel streets stretching to infinity. When parking is desired on each side of the street, the right of way is between 54- 64 feet wide, pavement width 36 feet. It suggests parking on one side only since the traffic lanes should not be less than 10 feet wide.

11. The cul-de-sac, or dead-end street, came into use to eliminate through traffic in a positive manner . Cul-de-sac terminate in a circular to retain their inherent advantages, they should be short-a maximum length of 450 feet is recommended . Long cul-de-sacs, induce accelerated traffic speeds and render access for service and fire protection more complicated . It eliminates the necessity for the turnaround and provides the continuous circulation that is required by some communities to assure no interference with the accessibility of fire protection and other services. PLANNING CUL-DE-SAC AND THE LOOP STREET

12. Hierarchical transportation systems Cul-de-sacs Footpath systems Underpasses Shopping center Ideal size of 30,000 people Homogeneity Large-scale development Clustered superblock Mixed-use Interior park FEATURES

13. The houses were oriented in reverse of the conventional placement on the plot. Kitchens and garages faced the road, living rooms and bedrooms turned toward the garden. Pathways provided uninterrupted pedestrian access to a continuous park strip, which led to large common open spaces within the center of the superblock. The 2900 residents of Radburn share 23 acres of interior parks, which yield 345 square feet / person. The Plaza Building is only neighborhood shopping center, and its tall clock tower has been a neighborhood landmark since 1927. Radburn works as a garden city and a wonderful example of a well designed community because every piece is integrated perfectly into one body. LAYOUT

14. U.S.A Baldwin Hills Los Angeles Kitimat B.C ENGLAND Coventry Stevenage Bracknell Cumbermauld SWEDEN Vallingby Baronbackavna Estate, Orebro Beskopsgaden Estate, Goteborg APPLICATIONS CHANDIGARH, INDIA BRAZILIA, BRAZIL Several towns in RUSSIA Section of OSAKA, JAPAN WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND U.S.A.- RESTON, VIRGINIA, COLUMBIA, MARYLAND

15. Separation of vehicular and pedestrian movement: This was accomplished by giving away the traditional grid-iron street pattern and replacing it with a new innovation called superblocks . What is superblock? A superblock is a large block of land surrounded by main roads on all its size. The houses are grouped around small cul-de-sacs each of which has a access road coming from the main road. Finally, to further maintain the separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic, a pedestrian underpass and an overpass, linking the superblocks, were provided . The system was so devised that a pedestrian could start at any given point and proceed on foot to school, stores or church without crossing a street used by automobiles. innovations RADBURN SUPERBLOCK

16. The design of Radburn believed that people would actively use the front of the houses facing the greenways. In reality, people come and "leave" from the back of the houses and the vehicles, not pedestrian access More people and children walking and playing in the little driveways and cul-de-sacs than on the actual greenways . Second , the market has repeatedly shown that homeowners prefer more personal land around their homes to living on tiny lots and sharing a large green space in common . The Depression pushed the builder, City Housing Corporation , into bankruptcy . FAILURES

17. CONCLUSION Compared to contemporary developments the Radburn plan is more safer, orderly, convenient, spacious and peaceful . From a socialist point of view, Radburn is not only an ideally planned place to live, but it establishes a real mode or plan of living. Radburn idea is now suburban model of choice. Many developers have used one or more aspects of Radburn plan and its implementations in their own suburbs.

18. THANK YOU