Radio Comm on Waves, Frequency, Amplitud.pptx

Basic Communication

1. TEST METHOD COVERAGE IN CLEAR COVERAGE IN GROUND CLUTTER COVERAGE IN SEA CLUTTER COVERAGE IN ACTIVE ECM AZIMUTH AND HEIGHT ACCURACY AZIMUTH AND HEIGHT RESOLUTION TEST MODE

2. FREQ (WAVELENGTH/APPLICATION)

3. Radar Frequency Selection The best frequency to use for a radar depends upon its application. Like most other radio design decisions, the choice of frequency usually involves tradeoffs among several factors such as physical size, transmitted power, antenna beamwidth , and atmospheric attenuation. Physical Size . The dimensions of the hardware used to generate and transmit radio frequency power are, in general, proportional to wavelength. At lower frequencies where wavelengths are longer, the hardware is usually large and heavy. At the higher frequencies where the wavelengths are shorter, radars can be housed in smaller packages and operate in more limited spaces with correspondingly less weight. Transmitted Power . The choice of frequency (wavelength) indirectly influences the ability of radar to transmit large amounts of power because of its impact on hardware size. The levels of power that can be reasonably handled by a radar transmitter are largely limited by voltage gradients and heat dissipation requirements--the larger, heavier radars operating at wavelengths on the order of meters can transmit megawatts of average power, whereas millimeter-wave radars may be limited to only a few hundred watts of average power. Beamwidth . The narrower the beam, the greater the transmitted power that is concentrated in a particular direction at any one time, and the finer the angular resolution. The width of the radar's antenna beam is directly proportional to the ratio of the wavelength to the width of the antenna. At low frequencies, large antennas must generally be used to achieve acceptably narrow beams. At higher frequencies, small antennas will suffice. Atmospheric Attenuation. In passing through the atmosphere, radio waves may be attenuated by two basic mechanisms: absorption and scattering. The absorption is mainly due to oxygen and water vapor. The scattering is due almost entirely to liquid hydrometeors. Both absorption and scattering increase with frequency. Below about 100 MHz, atmospheric attenuation is negligible. Above about 10 GHz, it becomes increasingly important.

4. EW ACTIVITIES (3 DIVISIONS OF EW) EW 1. Elec Support Measures (or Elec Support) (INT GATHERING) 3. Elec Protective Measures (or Elec Protection) (PROTECTION / DEFENCE) 2. Elec Counter Measures (or Elec Attack) (DENIAL/DISRUPTION)

5. - Detect - Analyze - Identify On Board - RADAR - A/CRAFT Active Passive - NOISE JAMM ING - DECEPTION - SIGN AL REDUCTION (STEALTH) - EXPENDABLE DECOY - TOWED - FLARES - CHAFF Active Anti ESM Anti ECM Emcon ECCM CAP. Design Training ESM EPM ECM EW Off Board Passive EW BREAKDOWN Active Passive

6. SIGNAL STRENGTH EQUATION Signal Strength Equation: S R = 16 p 2 R 4 La 2 P R G R s A R S R = POWER OF RADAR ECHO (WATTS) P R = PEAK POWER TRANSMITTED (WATTS) G R = ANTENNA GAIN s = RADAR CROSS SECTION (METERS 2 ) A R = ANTENNA CAPTURE AREA (METERS 2 ) R = RANGE TO TARGET (METERS) La = ATMOSPHERE LOSS 1

7. NOISE JAMMING EQUATION Noise Jamming Equation: J S = 4 p R 2 La P J G J A R J S = JAMMING SIGNAL P J = POWER OF JAMMER (WATTS) G J = GAIN OF JAMMING ANTENNA A R = RECEIVER ANTENNA CAPTURE AREA (M 2 ) R = RANGE FROM AIRCRAFT TO RADAR (METERS) La = ATMOSPHERE LOSS 2

8. BURNTHROUGH RANGE EQUATION Burn Through Range Equation ( 1 = 2 ) ( ) R BT = P J G J 4 p La P T G T s 1/2 P T = Power of the transmitter P J = Power of the jammer G T = Gain of the transmitter G J = Gain of the jammer s = Aircraft radar cross section La = Atmosphere loss

9. BURN-THROUGH RANGE POWER RANGE ECHO POWER R 4 JAMMER POWER r R2 BURN-THROUGH RANGE R BT 1 1 The distance to the target at which the radar has adequate signal quality to track the target

10. DISPLAY RESULTS OF REAL SITUATION WITH JAMMING WITHOUT JAMMING

11. RCI RANGE CONSISTENCY BEAM PATTERN RANGE HEIGHT PS (TX) PE (RX) TPME BITE / EQPT STATE DEGRADED IAT BATH TUB CURVE RADAR VISIBILITY RADAR PARAMETER VS PERFORMANCE RQC A = (ACTUAL RANGE / INSTRUMENT RANGE)X100% B = (NO. OF PLOTS DETECTED / NO. OF PLOTS EACH SCAN)X100% GEOGRAPHICAL AREA + RADAR HEIGHT PRISMA S/W PD (PFA,ENV,RCS)=80% RADAR PERFORMANCE Lges Ao – L1 Rel – L2 Maint, Support – L3 I (RAHEF) PC (RAHRE) (A + B)/2

12. x x x x x x A B C D A B C A B C D Frek 9 Frek 9 Frek 9 Frek 18 Frek 18 Frek 18 Frek 36 Frek 36 Frek 36 Frek 45 Frek 45 RADAR SKN 312 BUKIT BENDERA JENIS RADAR ALENIA RAT 31 DL BAND JENIS BEAM L - BAND STACKED BEAM JUMLAH KESELURUHAN FREKUENSI 45 JUMLAH FREKUENSI BEROPERASI DALAM SETIAP TRANSMISI 4   JUMLAH FREKUENSI MODE (AMAN) MODE ( KONTIGENSI/PERANG) 16 29   FREKUENSI YANG DIGUNAKAN (SEMASA) Set 2 9, 18, 36, 45 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44       (SIMPANAN) Set 1 9, 19, 29, 39 Set 3 5, 15, 25, 35 Set 4 10, 20, 30, 40   JUMLAH FREKUENSI YANG DILULUSKAN OLEH SKMM   2 2 Frekuensi ini TIADA dalam Senarai 45 frekuensi sistem .   NAMA & STATUS PERALATAN ( utk menukar frekuensi ) Radar System Evaluation Station (RSES) Serviceable RAHSIA RAHSIA

13. x x x x x x Frek 27 RADAR SKN 321 BUKIT PETERI JENIS RADAR MARTELLO 743D BAND JENIS BEAM L - BAND FAN BEAM JUMLAH KESELURUHAN FREKUENSI 64 JUMLAH FREKUENSI BEROPERASI DALAM SETIAP TRANSMISI 1   JUMLAH FREKUENSI MODE (AMAN) MODE ( KONTIGENSI/PERANG) 1 63         FREKUENSI YANG DIGUNAKAN (SEMASA) 27 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64   JUMLAH FREKUENSI YANG DILULUSKAN OLEH S KMM   1 Frekuensi 27 yang di gunakan adalah sama dengan frekuensi yang diluluskan .   NAMA & STATUS PERALATAN ( utk menukar frekuensi ) Radar Control and Display Sub Station (RCDSS) Serviceable RAHSIA RAHSIA

14. x x x x x x Frek 17 RADAR SKN 322 BUKIT IBAM JENIS RADAR MARTELLO 743D BAND JENIS BEAM L - BAND FAN BEAM JUMLAH KESELURUHAN FREKUENSI 64 JUMLAH FREKUENSI BEROPERASI DALAM SETIAP TRANSMISI 1   JUMLAH FREKUENSI MODE (AMAN) MODE ( KONTIGENSI/PERANG) 1 63         FREKUENSI YANG DIGUNAKAN (SEMASA) 17 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64   JUMLAH FREKUENSI YANG DILULUSKAN OLEH S KMM   2 Frekuensi 17 yang di gunakan adalah TIDAK sama dengan Frekuensi 1 dan 33 yang diluluskan .   NAMA & STATUS PERALATAN ( utk menukar frekuensi ) Radar Data Processing Server (RDPS) Serviceable RAHSIA RAHSIA

15. x x x x x x ES 3 (Elevation Sector 3) Frek 3 & 11 ES 2 ES 1 Frek 19 & 27 Frek 35 & 43 RADAR SKN 323 BUKIT LUNCHU JENIS RADAR ALENIA RAT 31 SL/E BAND JENIS BEAM S - BAND STACKED BEAM JUMLAH KESELURUHAN FREKUENSI 48 JUMLAH FREKUENSI BEROPERASI DALAM SETIAP TRANSMISI 6   JUMLAH FREKUENSI MODE (AMAN) MODE ( KONTIGENSI/PERANG) 6 42         FREKUENSI YANG DIGUNAKAN (SEMASA) 3, 11, 19, 27, 35, 43 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48   JUMLAH FREKUENSI YANG DILULUSKAN OLEH S KMM    4 - 4 Frekuensi ini TIADA dalam Senarai 48 frekuensi sistem . - Skn menggunakan 4 Frekuensi yang paling hampir (3, 11, 19, 27). 2 Frekuensi (35, 43) tidak digunakan kerana mengakibatkan gangguan .   NAMA & STATUS PERALATAN ( utk menukar frekuensi ) Local Monitor and Display Station (LMADS) Serviceable RAHSIA RAHSIA

16. x x x x x x Frek 34 36 41 43 46 49 52 55 RADAR SKN 331 GUNUNG NGILI JENIS RADAR GM 403 BAND JENIS BEAM S - BAND SHAPED BEAM (Cosecant) JUMLAH KESELURUHAN FREKUENSI 64 JUMLAH FREKUENSI BEROPERASI DALAM SETIAP TRANSMISI 8   JUMLAH FREKUENSI MODE (AMAN) MODE ( KONTIGENSI/PERANG) 16 48         FREKUENSI YANG DIGUNAKAN (SEMASA) Set 1 34, 36, 41, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 48, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61 (SIMPANAN) Set 2 35, 47, 50, 51, 60, 62, 63, 64   JUMLAH FREKUENSI YANG DILULUSKAN OLEH S KMM    16 Frekuensi Set 1 & 2 yang digunakan adalah sama dengan frekuensi yang diluluskan .   NAMA & STATUS PERALATAN ( utk menukar frekuensi ) Radar Control and Monitoring Display (RCMD) Serviceable RAHSIA RAHSIA

17. Frek 3 & 11 x x x x x x ES 3 (Elevation Sector 3) ES 2 ES 1 Frek 19 & 27 Frek 34 & 46 RADAR SKN 340 BUKIT KUBONG JENIS RADAR ALENIA RAT 31 SL/E BAND JENIS BEAM S - BAND STACKED BEAM JUMLAH KESELURUHAN FREKUENSI 48 JUMLAH FREKUENSI BEROPERASI DALAM SETIAP TRANSMISI 6   JUMLAH FREKUENSI MODE (AMAN) MODE ( KONTIGENSI/PERANG) 6 42         FREKUENSI YANG DIGUNAKAN (SEMASA) 3, 11, 19, 27, 34, 46 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48   JUMLAH FREKUENSI YANG DILULUSKAN OLEH S KMM    8 - 8 Frekuensi ini ADA dalam Senarai 48 frekuensi sistem . - 4 Frekuensi yang digunakan (3, 11, 19, 27) tidak didaftar dengan SKMM.   NAMA & STATUS PERALATAN ( utk menukar frekuensi ) Local Monitor and Display Station (LMADS) Serviceable RAHSIA RAHSIA