Radioactive waste management

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1. RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT To protect the people and environment

2. Generation Radioactive wastes are wastes that contain radioactive material. Various operations of the nuclear fuel cycle. Mining nuclear power generation various processes in industry, defense, medicine scientific research

3. Types Very low level waste (VLLW) Low-level waste (LLW) Intermediate-level waste (ILW) High-level waste (HLW)

4. Very low level waste (VLLW) consists mainly of demolished material (such as concrete, plaster, bricks, metal, valves, piping  etc. ) produced during dismantling operations on nuclear industrial sites. Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) Not harmful to humans or environment recycling or using as byproducts

5. Low-level waste (LLW) electricity generation diagnosis and treatment of disease medical research testing of new pharmaceuticals nondestructive testing of airplanes and bridges smoke detectors hardening of materials like hardwood flooring breeding of new varieties of seed with higher crop yields eradication of insect pests food preservation.

6. Low-level waste (LLW) short-lived radioactivity suitable for shallow land burial

7. Low-level waste (LLW) Low-level waste storage pit at the Nevada National Security Site.

8. Intermediate-level waste (ILW) Contains higher amounts of radioactivity and some requires shielding. Resins Chemical sludges Metal fuel cladding

9. Intermediate-level waste (ILW) Some low-level liquid wastes from reprocessing plants are discharged to the sea Include radionuclides technetium-99.

10. High level waste(HLW) Arises from the ' burning ' of uranium fuel in a nuclear reactor. Produced during reprocessing of used fuel.

11. Used nuclear fuel Most used fuel from nuclear power plants is stored in steel-lined concrete pools filled with water, or in airtight steel or concrete-and-steel containers

12. Storage pond for used fuel at the Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant at the UK's Sellafield site

13. POND 7-12 metres deep The multiple racks are made of metal with neutron absorbers incorporated in it The circulating water both shields and cools the fuel Made of thick reinforced concrete with steel liners

14. Deep geological disposal A key idea was that long-term disposal would be best carried out by identifying suitable sites at which the waste could be buried, a process called  deep geological disposal. It must be located at least 200 m below the ground surface to avoid the effects of erosion and human intrusion.

15. Recycle: Direct disposal (after storage) to a geological repository. It takes 300,000 years Aqueous reprocessing to remove only uranium and plutonium. It take 9000 years. Advanced electrometallurgical reprocessing which removes uranium, plutonium and minor actinides together for recycling in a fast reactor. It takes only 300years. (not commercialy available).

16. Kudankulam Nuclear power plant

17. conclusion Disposal of radioactive waste is a complex issue, not only because of the nature of the waste, but also because of the stringent regulatory structure for dealing with radioactive waste. India has achieved self-reliance in the management of all type of radioactive waste. An ongoing effort to upgrade technology to minimize radioactive discharge is also on.

18. Citations

19. THANK YOU BY Murali.E