Radish

Radish floral biology , plant habit, seed production

1. RADISH Vaishnavi 2019-11-172

2. BOTANICAL NAME : Raphanus sativus L FAMILY : Brassicaceae ORIGIN : Egypt CH. NO .: 2n=18

3. Introduction: Radish is a quick growing and short duration vegetable crop. It has high nutritive value. It is a good source of ascorbic acid and trace elements. Pink-skinned radish is generally richer in ascorbic acid than the white skinned. Cultivation of radish both for root and seed is very easy. Radish is an ancient vegetable. Inscriptions in Pyramids in Egypt showed its existence about 2000 B.C: It is widely grown in almost all states of India. It is most suitable for raising in kitchen garden or home garden.

4. Taxonomy: Kingdom: Plantae Division: Angioserms Order: Brassicacales Family: Brassicaceae Genus: Raphanus Species: R.sativus

5. Origin Radish probably originated in Europe and Asia. It has been under extensive cultivations in Egypt since long. It was introduced in England and France in the beginning of 16th century.

6. CYTOGENETICS: •Basic and haploid chromosome numbers of radish: X=n=9. •Chromosome size range: 1.5-3.5 m . •Basic genome of radish has both homologous and non-homologous chromosome. •Basic cytological and phylo -genetics relationship, the species of Raphanus and Brassica evolved from a common ancestral form with chromosome number 2n=6 by chromosome duplication.

7. BOTANY The edible portion of radish develops from the primary root and hypocotyl the inflorescence is a typical terminal raceme of cruciferae . The flowers are small, usually white in colour and resemble those in cabbage and cauliflower. Sepals (four) are erect and petals (four) are clawed. Radish is cross- pollinated due to sporophytic system of self-incompatibility.

8. It shows considerable inbreeding depression on selfing . It is entomophilous . It is pollinated mainly by wild honey bees and wild-flower flies. Stigma receptivity is maintained upto four days after anthesis . Emasculation is not necessary in bud-pollination. After pollination, the buds are to be protected from foreign pollen by enclosing the particular branch bearing those buds in a muslin cloth bag.

9. Floral biology Flowering is at its full bloom in the month of march. The inflorescence of radish is a typical terminal raceme of cruciferae

10. The flowers are small, white , rose or lilac in colour with purple veins in bractless raceme. The sepals are erect and petals are clawed

11. Each flower has six stamens and a pistil. The pistil is oblong.

12. The fruits are indehiscent , 3-7 cm long and upto 1.5 cm in diameter with 6-12 seeds and long conical beak. In some genotypes beak shape may vary

13. The fruits contain 6-12 seeds

14. Radish flower pollinated by bees

15. Breeding objective: • Early rooting : Pusa Reshmi : Variety is suitable for early sowing. Ready to harvest in 50 to 60days . • High yield : Co 1, Pusa Rashmi , Pusa Chetki , Pusa Desi , Japanese White and Arka Nishant are popular varieties. Sandy loam soils with high organic matter content are highly suited for radish cultivation. The highest yield can be obtained at a soil pH of 5.5 to 6.8.

16. White, long/stump roots with thin tap root and non-branching habi t : Long ,small topped roots are prefered as it requires less space • Non-pithy roots : radish becomes pithy and bitter when harvest is delayed • Pungency of roots as per consumers preference : Japanese prefer slightly pungent and sweet radish because they prefer to cook radish,while in Europe and America they prefer less pungent radish as they prefer to eat radish as a salad • Slow bolting habit : Bolting is the production of a flowering stem (or stems) on agricultural and horticultural  crops before the crop is harvested, in a natural attempt to produce seedsand  reproduce.

17. • Heat tolerance : varieties are evaluated for heat tolerance by how crisp they stay and how soon they become pithy in warmer weather . • Drought resistance :   radishes are sensitive to water, and need a consistent and frequent supply of water. Wet tolerance : varieties with wet and flood tolerance are important as root is the economical part • Resistance to alternaria blight, white rust, RMV : varieties resistant to diseases are necessary to reduce dependency on chemical remedies • Tolerance to aphids : Most serious pest of radish

18. Variety and Varietal character:

19. A . European or Temperate Types : 1)White Icicle: The roots are thin and tender and icicle shaped. The skin of roots of this variety is pure white. It is a sweet flavoured variety. It is very short duration (20-25 days) and suitable for kitchen garden. It can be grown in pot also. Delay in harvesting causes pithiness in roots that reduces quality of roots. It is sown in October-November in plains.

20. 2)Scarlet Globe: It is an early variety takes about 25-30 days for' development of harvestable roots, Outer skin of roots is scarlet in colour with white tip, flesh is pure white. Roots are round in shape.

21. 3)Scarlet Long: It is an early variety (25-30 days). Leaves are 15-20 cm in length and light green in colour. The roots are long and tapering to a point.

22. Sparkler : A round, bright red radish with a distinctive white tip; all white inside. .

23. Cherry Belle : This round, red radish is a common variety often found in your local supermarket. It is delicious in salads.

24. White Beauty : A small, round radish with a sweet, juicy flavor ; white inside and out

25. French Breakfast : This mild, extra-crunchy, slightly pungent radish is good raw or cooked

26. Early Scarlet Globe : A juicy, crispy-tender heirloom variety with a round shape, red skin, and white flesh.

27. Some unique varieties Sakurajima Mammoth – Believed to be the largest radish variety in the world, this incredible radish can weigh up to 100 pounds at maturity. In spite of its size, it has a sweet, mild flavor .

28. Green Meat – Also known as Misato Green, this radish variety is green inside and out. The outer skin is surprisingly spicy, but the flesh is mild.

29. Easter Egg – This interesting variety can be white, pink, red or purple. Slice it thin to add flavour, texture, and colour to salads

30. Watermelon – An heirloom radish with white skin and intense, reddish-purple flesh. The Watermelon radish, which reaches baseball size, looks much like a miniature watermelon. The flavor is slightly peppery.

31. Black Spanish – This round radish displays coal-black skin and pure white flesh

32. White Globe Hailstone – Pure white inside and out; the flavor is mildly spicy.

33. Chinese Green Luobo – Also known as Qinluobo , this heirloom radish is a unique shade of lime green inside and out.

34. B.Tropical or Asiatic Types: 1 ) Japanese White: It in an introduction ' from Japan, c.v. " Shiroaguri-kiyo " recommended by IAR! Regional Station, Katrain (HP). The roots are pure white, 20 to 30 cm or so long, blunt at root-end. They are mildly pungent. Though, it is tropical variety but it responds well to comparatively low temperature. Roots become ready for harvesting in 45 days, It is suitable for October to December sowing.

35. 2) Pusa Desi : Roots are long (30-35 cm) white, tapering with green stem -end variety is suitable for sowing in early August to October in two northern plains of India Roots become ready for harvesting in 45 to 50 days.

36. 3) Pusa chetki : It is developed by IARI, New Delhi from the seeds collected from Denmark. Roots are pure white and they are mildly pungent. The leaves are entire, upright, dark green and slightly lobed. Sowing can be done from March to August. The roots become ready for harvesting in 40 to 45 days (early variety). It flowers during October-November depending on sowing time.

37. 4) Pusa Reshmi : it was developed through recombination breeding, released by IARI, New Delhi. The roots are white, long (30 to 35 cm), tapering with green stem-end. The foliage is medium, light green with cut leaves. It can be sown in September and roots become ready before the onset of cooler period of the winter season. Roots are ready for harvesting in 50 to 60 days.

38. 5)Punjab Safed : (White 5 x Japanese White) The roots of this variety are white, tapering, mildly pungent and 30-40 cm long The roots are ready for harvesting in 40 to 45 days or so.

39. 6) Kalyani white: The roots are pure white having blunt ends, 25-30 cm long. Top growth is short. The roots are mildly pungent. This variety is suitable to grow all the year round except during hot summer. Roots become ready for harvesting in 45-50 days.

40. 7) Arka Nishant : This variety was developed from the seed collected from Singapore; and released by Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore in 1980. The roots are mildly pungent, marble white in colour, non-pithy roots of excellent quality. Roots become ready for harvesting in 45 to 50 days. Premature bolting and root forking are not commonly seen.

41. 8)Chinese pink: An introduction identified by Dr. Y.S. Parmar . University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni , Solan (HP). The roots are 10 to 15 cm long pink with white colour towards the tip. The roots are ready for harvesting in about 50-55 days.

42. Breeding Methods of Radish: Mass Selection : This is practiced in landraces/cultivars collected from the farmers’ field. Roots are allowed to reach an over-mature stage. They are dug-up and leaves (but not growing points) removed. Bare roots after discarding the undesirable types are immersed in a container of water. Roots which float being pithy and full of air spaces are discarded and only the large sinking roots are retained for seed production in isolation en masse. Small sinkers are also rejected .

43. Pedigree method : • Pusa Himani : Black Radish× Japanese White • Pusa Rashami : Green Top×Desi . Polyploid breeding: Polyploids with 2n=36 produced. No distict advantages. Two polyploid varieties have been developed and these yields more than diploids. 1.Sofia Delicious(2n=36) 2.Semi long Red Giant(2n=36).

44. Hybrid Breeding: This has been a common breeding approach in Japan. Inbred lines which are self-incompatible are produced by 5-6 generations of selfing through bud-pollination, while selfing , only the plants with desirable root shape, size, colour, and other quality considerations are advanced to the next generation.

45. The F 1  hybrids could be: ( i ) Single crosses (ii) Three-way crosses (iii) Double crosses In a practical breeding programme, the recommended isolation distance is 500-1000 m to avoid outcrossing . Usually planting ratio of male and female lines is 1: 1.

46. Resistance Breeding For Biotic Stress • Asmer Tip Top : Res. To insect Erioischia brassicae • Punjab Safed : Res. To Leaf spot. • Chinese Rose White : Res. To Downy Mildew. • Nerina : Res. To Mosaic Virus. • Summer Wonder : Res. To Black rot.

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