RAILWAY AND AIRPORT ENGINEERING.ppt yuygvbnbhhh

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1. NAME : ABHIPSA SAHA SUB : RAILWAY AND AIRPORT ENGINEERING TOPIC: MODULE 1: DESCRIBE THE POINTS AND CROSSING IN RAILWAY TRACK MODULE 2: WIND ROSE DIAGRAM,IT’S TYPE, AND APPLICATIONS SUBJECT CODE: CE( PE)705(A) DEPT.: CE YEAR: 4 TH SEM : 7 TH RE NO .: 222690120042 ROLL NO.: 269013210 39 MODERN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

2. INDEX INTRODUCTION THE POINTS AND CROSSING IN A RAILWAY TRACK COMPONENT PARTS OF POINTS AND CROSSINGS NECESSITY OF POINTS AND CROSSINGS IMPORTANT TERMS IN POINTS AND CROSSINGS TYPES OF CROSSING WIND ROSE DIAGRAM WIND ROSE DIAGRAM TYPE WIND ROSE DIAGRAM USE

3. The brunch of civil Engineering which deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the railway tracks for save and efficient movements of trains is called Railway Engineering . Airport engineering is the design, building, and maintenance of an airport facility. Airports are designed to serve a number of roles. Key functions include providing runways for aircraft to take off and land, as well as terminals for the safe loading and unloading of passengers and cargo. INTRODUCTION

4. Points and crossings are provided to facilitate the transfer of trains from one track to another. The tracks may go in the same direction, in different directions, or meet in the middle. Points and crossings are provided because the wheels of railway vehicles have inside flanges. Because of these flanges, they need a special arrangement for movement along the tracks. The "points" or "switches" help the diversion of the rail vehicles, and the "crossings" provide certain spaces in the rails to allow the rolling of flanged wheels over them. A set of points and crossings and the lead rails together form a turnout. THE POINTS AND CROSSING IN A RAILWAY TRACK

5. 1. Switch Rails: Movable rails guiding trains between tracks. 2. Stock Rails: Fixed mainline rails connecting to switch rails. 3. Frog: Diamond-shaped component at rail intersection. 4. Check Rails: Side rails guiding train wheels at crossings. 5. Switch Drive Mechanism: Operates points and moves switch rails. 6. Switch Lever: Controls switch rail position manually. 7. Tie Plates and Fasteners: Secure rails to sleepers (ties). 8. Crossings and Crossing Nose: Allow trains to cross tracks safely. COMPONENT PARTS OF POINTS AND CROSSINGS NECESSITY OF POINTS AND CROSSINGS The wheels of rolling stock have flanges on the inside of the rails to prevent the lateral movement of the trains. When trains are diverted along different tracks, these flanges may cause hindrance. Due to this, points and crossings are necessitated to facilitate the transfer and uninterrupted movement of trains when moving from one track to another. Some of the major functions of Points and Crossings are: They facilitate in receiving the trains that approach the railway station. Facilitating shunting operations and marshalling of trains. Connecting the dispatched train to the designated route.

6. Turnout It is the arrangement of points and crossings along with the lead rails. It facilitates the diversion of the rolling stock from one track to another . Tongue rail It is a tapered movable rail that is composed of high carbon or high manganese steel. It is attached to a running rail at the thicker end.  A tongue rail is also called a  switch rail.   Stock rail  The running rail against which the tongue rail operates is called the Stock rail. Points or switch A pair of tongue and stock rails alongside the connections and fittings are called Points or Switches. Crossing  A crossing is an arrangement provided at the junction/intersection where the two rails cross each other. The objective of providing crossing is to allow the passing of the wheel flange of the vehicle from one track to another.   IMPORTANT TERMS IN POINTS AND CROSSINGS Left-Hand Turnout    

7. TYPES OF CROSSING The different types of crossings are: Square crossing Acute angle or V-crossing or Frog Obtuse angle or Diamond crossing Square Crossing Square Crossing is an arrangement formed when two straight tracks cross each other at right angles.  This crossing is avoided on main lines due to the heavy wear of rails. Acute Angle Crossing This crossing is formed when the right-hand rail of one track crosses the left-hand rail of another track at an acute angle.  The Acute angle crossing consists of a pair of check rails, a pair of wing rails, and a splice rail. It is used extensively and is also called V-crossing or frog crossing. Square Crossing Obtuse Angle Crossing This crossing is also called Diamond Crossing.  It is an obtuse angle crossing that is formed when a left-hand rail from one track crosses a right-hand rail of another track at an obtuse angle.  A typical diamond crossing consists of two acute and two obtuse angle crossings.  Acute Angle Crossing Obtuse Angle Crossing

8. WIND ROSE DIAGRAM Wind Rose is a representation of data in such a way that it helps us to understand wind direction, speed and frequency in a circular format. Wind energy is considered as a renewable source of energy which can be used to operate windmills and wind turbines at locations where the intensity and speed of wind energy are strong enough for them to function properly. Windmills are used at industry and household level to conserve power, whereas wind turbines are used in wind farms and wind energy industries. The Danish wind industry association mentioned that determining wind direction helps in setting up wind turbines and windmills in the direction of the wind and to a suited elevation. The average of annual measurements is taken for placing in the locations where maximum wind speed can be received. Thus, it is important to determine the necessary wind data of a target area to estimate a suitable location for installing windmills and wind turbines. This can be achieved by drawing or constructing a wind rose diagram.

9. Type - I give only the direction and duration.   Type - II wind rose diagram indicates the direction, duration, and intensity of wind while . WIND ROSE DIAGRAM USE WIND ROSE DIAGRAM TYPE Presented in a circular format, the modern wind rose shows the frequency of winds blowing  from  particular directions over a specified period. The length of each "spoke" around the circle is related to the frequency that the wind blows from a particular direction per unit time. Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles. A wind rose plot may contain additional information, in that each spoke is broken down into colour -coded bands that show wind speed ranges. Wind roses typically use 16 cardinal directions, such as north (N), NNE, NE, etc., although they may be subdivided into as many as 32 directions  In terms of angle measurement in degrees, North corresponds to 0°/360°, East to 90°, South to 180° and West to 270°. Compiling a wind rose is one of the preliminary steps taken in constructing  airport runways, as aircraft can have a lower  ground spread  at both landing and takeoff when pointing against the wind.

10. CONCLUSION Railways and airports are an important means of transport in India. They are an important form of infrastructure for any type of movement that can take a person from one place to another. Railways and airports are the most commonly used means of transport in our country, especially for short distances. Railways and airports s are considered as the most important mode of transport as it has various benefits over other means of transport. Railways and airports can be constructed at a much lower cost than that of railway lines. Railways and airports Transport is also affordable for many people and generally a more modest measure of merchandise over short distances. THANK YOU I Want to thank to my teacher “Md. Hiran Mia” (department of civil engineering) who gave me the golden opportunity to providing me an opportunity to prepare this wonderful presentation on. And giving me a lot of support and guidance, as a result this presentation gets prepared. I am extremely thankful to him for providing such a nice support and guidance. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT