Railway Engineering part 2 and Airport engineering

All the notes of Railway is available

1. What
table

mau la ia,

nid ay

Hale

< Me ん 5 ñ

Scanned with CamScanner

4062 fu purpose
17000
au a" is
77000
Ac 00404
hr track ん の
Hicks draindge
AN ballack 00440

a pig altepert IA の 7

rede Hans ko 00046 sb ty し

really produced

dagen —

Hosedlings id ん og 40606. 7
Zune

track aud reduce
Mira baza. anol meter genınahd
la data Ab rechecked
Thess: badlaal > laser typically
suchen cal depth abel

2 が

hostil domage a}

da Ha rsgustamendi
briefly ithe. — dafferand
LATA. ange

2. anne the queen 4 660
Ata

and rueg Kedit tant

cubical une £harp

Aare 40 hot Lt dre

the mona daaslı

maou persis and Aheulsl act

je

me4
urb aj

Alisxclol be
Ahauld > ba
L£heulol he

di cheap and economical:
tral est both atlritión aud alcalina
TE sheuld de durable UY told mat = geb
puluvuyed or dicintegralid under aus
war Carol aa 20
Ahruld oleo for 70 Kai の な
fo 6006 49.

q 6660.60. tt

4 maulg qu sect 1904 pst

us AN drach 、、 の ke
ombre pr の oc than yy sand LH
sold, pete bu dk a). wart, menda
ik qua Peut, clit hatched! Mader ua
te" fond Y "warte m tr blecon away
Brenda of thst, netas u
rueda. fregurdl retro odd
secado ZN dap

2) Moorum Pala 4 a forme 22042
EE re care Arch 19 7 17 ZAi
H— goed < a gb Hat

in petrux

5
0
Affi cil} and,
antes ty testing

上

‘Scanned with CamScanner

3. ta

a hallas

-2rac ム 44 y,
#

But と し

Ah tk IA

4

El ㅅ Ha 4046
쓰 94604 과 49
une) a acral tone 406 pasate!

Kile ul eral À

ip as a Ba

264 . ES 0 し 00
Quo: r + and do terme

40444 ee MUA derabl anol —

uk TAE

ef bola? - ha

AM]

7

po Ha proceed Mercy,

yu thape lane de を
Be dp 0 nu gh
a O pou

ED Att

& presture
athe the pre,
iheuld_ be 4

de vet

Pov ee cbidribuke

batlacd

4 CAIDA
ao ditu Leeper
Hh din Porton ye

Scanned with CamScanner

4. Kugel Track

valu hack
dede Hig
ai ffetanl paramo

‘elude

u track, meli grade
Visp gradient and” dally

サー
ha track, cooo horiadhtad

n m
ceo/。 Hart hon ee à

fH ture in tome 20 Hades by

PH cuina 2 の 4 ん ん の 。 ん
2 a
タタ ce の 4 th, Arack
fF for cg
Paced <i dat props pea b
A dor Prop goma «dey a hack
br cali FL 2 BE

Bu Ha trol

cad 49 Fun of
aime 2 고
Decale anal deraulmant du À

pocmanzad um
Re that Hu Jrad

Hague ass 00000

uch vasco stakes
To_fotl eu be
5_ Hades the

| Tne
ype radicado
À Rulo Gack sak

2 Pulse LAS CT の 77
2 Mama jeeoz br ん ck
brach "À da 人 eg

Scanned with CamScanner

5. tient a
> Moa Ha hu pag,
bon al al > elimar” ta
Haba Antomazbise tar Aa)
The fartor. sensscekad ud,
fading grille alo het みん
dl gradunt 466 ale 4 ん
Lek wmF 07707

had

jou P kquoud By,
han uf 94 た To
ef” —taclinalia &

extra

forall
tano)

felling
plan

00700

ul radeon ty
Railway > $ Hive à

pul

Lua

40001 in 60

Lilly

in 159

2) Pusha or Sel radian! ~

Tn excep tonal,

1777

444 , gradinh
044 do

auch

Deep han
Heat fe
46660 one
adiguabe 40 pueblo fhe unk

xjra spe i faci batted

gradient — que
た みみ 。
zo à met
0 Na

fer pu ^

00007

Frais:

64444

pone raso hu predant ih

Gradient and His

ponen tud
dee
po

ay
644

3) fraduu

Brig

77

ed hich

tihng — gradeint,
0 0
Haley gradient
besando _ atoable
deduced
gradient
の u
fer cute esd

fr が ore
opted €

Bor

Má

thin

06

Scanned with CamScanner

6. 07 E

8. Je naling oe

Lecho
44

gradunt whine à a,
lo de be prande

has been
th

y
200

= 0.5%,
alle abl gradient 1007”

95 - ou)
car ‘/,
베토 에 ds 30

shall 460 60 00600. zoZ22 gran
시 Bln Trace, 640 4
b and.» as. "2 hasi

7700 0070

加 ka 人

rad

po uprr elevado ee lares

ation

ko tte ina ad
40944 ands Le prou ded
Br putes tail above fe

Nore - The: unes Hail ia Zoo
reference mail and ¿e maintained
eginalo Leeds This ras

gradient ¡oil ie tner

KL Eine nine of supe
Fit home af Ape
Dt premiar bet leach

huso! raide

> ths sed ces
telling 4tock .
DU auna discs
SH proue
Lom fox

Scanned with CamScanner

7. traera tión Hu Tadıir.
dut, tard defictenty ‚ohne q
Hef th brates ten ans VE Relais bhuun

Ce) := When a train banal on à
da pued 46 an he
ant Lung ot Su Volt pb ange

hacer 66 aro/ | Hu unelined |

600 fer Auth Bin parda adhe | male ん <
Dal set p y

a lt

then a dra ral ge
aba der ¿pad han Ha
4900 tamb arcs 0000. US

Hs differunee — betureen fhe» netuad taut
00000 and Hu Kursen: Auch aqua +
Auch deis ん eZ d

© Labidagal fora 1 Le

a body ecc4 an A —
Aah o Anzdenty da nte
da 0. 42064 0000 fangenkil bo fas eu
his Aundenıy dut do Ha lat Hal od ur

au ur, i

「 and. Radius

Scanned with CamScanner

8. Super Alk

CamScanner

ea ula of He chick

Super elevalión }

nn ale

Eobupen devakın 2 m Im Bly

= flee E (0 u

tela speed 2 fhe —tqull rian

MG,
te
MT 7
20006 4

bate peal

9. M 14

y Radius or denne of à canne

WERTEN a
Cuba to à man ox 9 FR TRS or hy
| À
nel cun ue,
ve 2.02 J = る axe

bdo map ho émph) BER a ah 0 tar ん

EE PEUT TE Cireamfoanx 2 urch 278
MA Teresa ble ig i 0 e

4 tele un VE ein cumfounee

agi Aublended ol Kı vtr by

22.5 wave, on digne sf ue?

m Ah wre
AS ola eedo
GES TRA (ru do rf hi) AA

max” treed por Put
기오 00

pitt e haine m mm

Heo" oe Roche

Scanned with CamScanner

10. Holupouctevateon
aus 00070
リョ ルン

superelevahen and 1 maximum.
pena 그” Bee transi heine of
る pc qoute unten a
aanckoledApeid ef 110 Kmllér The
ek the sguilibrium A の 7
y Ate 2 £0" te hy
geo PRES る

Scanned with CamScanner

2875 m

9 Maximin se sal

127R Husrebicd

[ende to centre gid 4
of 52 ke ond)

HEBD A Holz 68 Bann
129 × 095.

der _merimum fanthoned NE May
0 lm). Ausser
> US cag as
[FEIERT 7302 Nana

on Fheoretical

11. 42

fe Auperalevadion, maximum pen,

Apted dranschen —_Lucgh fot à 8" cure oy,
a high ap Bin gerkan" wets a mani nen,
bemutianed speed 110 kml he. faune te
80 km ln and

gies train

= 528.3 m

Egúlibrium pad ( Jupertlivadion )

Ex 12560?
122% 583,3

20046. hor parus danthoned
peed ?

1750 À (0 と A 285,5 nn
1270255622

Bar © Cast 07707 285,5 - 18102
HG 194.4 mm
valia Asa delicia cy da mas

ER,

Cont exe

hei value
75mm ohith

Taking 75 mm
pétual” za/

Allual

ar

praidel

tant

ull be

75 +59

134 mm

anned with CamScanner

Sc

12. L=: 0.088 (laz,

a = 0.608 X /35x
40466 wu の re

transi hom guard

pt takuig Be adc TA

Scanned with CamScanner

bux san $5 rendue: for
szow cases h 55 moler! (0008 Ci Vin)
Jer exuephinal cates | Auperieleva tian fo be provided
= -二 一 ーー max _pocmucible speed ouex
ang Hu cab qraslunl Cont AA 4 DY E TA
Jo Cocrunt 1° ㆍ al do exe) 1.7202 he ad 10
lo jar 66. ad
Cin’ 726 fer
Mah Nb, us Colon Ma maximum péri
- 、 — | of 0 4904 épud Rte が
noi ru dep
Ha pente > problem tabulate + he, dupe va oil = 40 mm Jogi 2
tras: ken eg lt. rs Ak フー Mo ん =

La She length. of Travian a Ke maximum Vu: (1) +
the fetten トコ

. köy O ET

5 rom | 420 4

13. FDRYFTRNS 当 7 305: EN gi Caltulate He
go + 100) 1756 上 3 Hkmlhx ET sid Mona 000
0044.40 of
77007
tando (1 と TES
EPS 기 cased due

frame han

dia

(me な

goadint =. Ll ob: te
Lpeed.: bated spn trast hon
2b x 1000,

a falo change of cand

porouesibh dpeed pus Hey
B teem Dit pie Deere

160 hein £) Rab. of chany of Conk .dupicunegr
Le. IB kets. に

(ud paint

09410 parra b

ze

Scanned with CamScanner

14. LG: bom Jf 43

Vis MSS y Y,

and 79004 _ 16100

20044 Mab win Jasa, offer
PAE pack ae の 9
Thus Zac mayb rund prom =

D Movement xf vaina parks He _Iresmotiver and.
Hh. 7 の の Æthuen , 109

D The unnegudarker un ers hack prafol

D the _admssphuiie —Kesistante 10a. roi, maria

ak ㅅ gs Aped à

X Rudo の w jp Priclon— =

“Dis u Hr mesadas
beluccen La ん 4

Turned Picks — ig Let
/ 44 Ha List
eat “el at 소 '

4 2100 -

스스

poeta

Rad Lae

「 Resestanee Pue

[hen 4 train Mme wer が
Haken tanee N dene le ph a FF
a. well at track Do quer These weristanee

de. 0 が 2 x ES aud 4
の 7 プル 2 光志 We 66044 =

Rp = 6. 000018 60
Where
Ra => Hedi bane 10044
achau and
LO = weighed af the
Y = PR fl the train

Scanned with CamScanner

15. men wech. a define) 내

of 66090 dial de Hu lab

00074 aria. ant fhe. word.

Lack magnitudes. ef url werde basico dépend

Hi digg" and shape of Hu wie, Là
ud", douche, velocity los well asthe
4 4 which‘. a deen sin the
644. compras af tbe oo
00010 7 the train
urad mor manly の イカ 7/ フ 4
の 7
of 66" lo fr dect el Ha 44 nt ‘hu
Be $ movement of
Wind mi toner dan te go ム み 7 by
Ry 20. bop 7 Ay?

whore

hoz thpbbed ata
00200 f

flan tmplecical horrenda fer
il tesicdonte LT an ん た

X pacudanee due bo radios

Scanned with CamScanner

16. davon ward
aching PA

podias CR) act

When
à part
cd Mey

me

[0000

y ds Hue valla
ak due bi
han takes

Mite — dries
fe

> 내 AU
)) 2 alte take plac
Aap which eau He fard
whol bm à u track" The
of Hu do Delt Hamaind thea
A dle rad

1) Carne zesichenu à ale caused when
wie klip —_peeuk, which _roxeacee

bébueen "the wheel flanges and He “nai

Scanned with CamScanner

17. La of ant une ‘un

dedermaied — Juem Ha

deri of likucg buchen
Pere tS TL
Nu lasts shunt

cora band
zur glezce
0.0004 lob

week) of sprain is dees
ignite “of cae

Had fo) a Hit
eune "pardon fora
250 donner would be 7

0.6004 Y 250 x4 = 116.4 60044

Has Vhtomakiur —

racha Ut of à pode U Le,

oc. ganando for Saul

Ju tracks Hort of a Lecomat

Hugh de ul a! dran at
mayinum portable 4000

Hand Preven ef. y

fhe Pauling power $] 4 Lecomobing
eau _ 004 Don tay

Hu Ha , 906 4

Jie speed ef 44000? 2
자 Wa cal uta’. The > Aia
(00100 GE loser the.
puch de Aboud 001

jj, 90 440 000 0
jou, “hello

hug de nade

dees le tha vader

Neda atocfar da
of Leichen tl

Hasluig fotoek

Loco makes :-

Scanned with CamScanner

18. 31 =

N a a
lalvula lo. tha 10419 poussa ble. Le
. oe Be will Huete Pau 4 dr
ali Beavingicanss axles ind 29/22 tou
pull. on Se 시기 rack Aha 2 à
» sts eee を tha raduchión en 'speeg
Han hoe do iru em à tedio Gadiel a
Ia た umd be ia public saduchan 2
tha train has 4 megoliale à 4" cura
San gradient ? Actus Ye co- efficient. à

Hb perse sf He eefkk<
a Le 7 Pe dering
X LL zecl
eo 放っ Pa 加 ca

BX22 Xe 2。 = . 19 .2.. dona
total reser tone ovgohabed
4 sig Amel rack at
80 mbr 1
R= Resistane dur Jo ch + ajoe du
& want 06060 and track à gular tee
+ vidas dur fo und

K 9. 0016 1) + 0.90002 WV + 0.000000 Env

Pudding value of = go ko
R= 0.0084 10)

‘Scanned with CamScanne

19. a)

handlung pres

Fonte

1114-86 +
IE tou

00 Mee ul な

due to gradins eu)
beta) vecu tante

6. 6ogog WV + 0. 066

+ 14 0.5 fie

Wo (6.6016 + 0-08008 V + 8 600000 6 y*

ETA
22 km lá

On 0 0004. of 4 en alg gradient ef

| in 260

R = 0.0004 » degree 0004 x WE
0. 6004 x 4 "x y)
0. OD tb の

+ Muse mettant yet be equal de

た Cree +
peed — du

gradcink

tha steepest
Wage and a
He fstlmog date
tanner, useight of Drama
«tert "ef" Lreamia tue
duistanes "of | pam bie
sutane — af
7000.76

shit Rat

Scanned with CamScanner

20. bo locamatine

raëtante of loca ma hue

x Wh caf “Uncomotine
15d legs 0.45 bone

due

acute-

lang
っ x 450

sr の wa vaidanc
q rer ta

pests bante

Al lo
de lee
1,00 + B.W 8. formes = 1645. po,
meght ef all wagons

(ee 人 of all 00804
Horton become hue
=. 00 ×281 41156

= 550

tal weight of traen
y y

tonnes

atone =
asia tante + web tance dependent oH pad
dea towed retama 024 do. gradient

rolling
editor
+ 0. 00008 WV + ㅜ 6.6006906 6 0V + 0100
50x40 Aim の ao6k EBEN 60.
65061
+14 + (65070)
+ (56014) yhgre 9 = pradiink.
tamale = Er IN
18 =. 5.28 + (.560/g)

w= lin 56

Let padeint Hal tein war lle fo

fade

lin 5e

15 [ou loa

pe Térménologue | (ur

Land or alze
arrival > and depor tute
called asroduare 。 4" ig qual
7 Toone facilitica for alli sr
aveLrré ~ for precise fl passe ‘bagge.
hid Scag 선수

JAwodkome © Any. anni. où
a used on He
ん co< da

7 アグ 4

do
pr.

の PA ola aruoplane à
Han ak ng omachine.

diner Hk na

Jo mua any machine © for
AE Support Lan

ano JS mag = or arg net be
aurpplane, htlicopler:> pwockerty ete,

trauels

1700 Amd à à
amerofl which» drawal
Han Hu" 774 ダ Sound a

Dir fell JE. da
danes and. ね を だ
provided. od
and. fer dk の の

中 ze だ
Han He

While an
fusta

which

70
eccy4/ た

area
af

07 プレ フフ 4

axe aft

Scanned with CamScanner

21. / aporta oar arcade 4

pally 44407 forthe use of
proudided wilh cal

od4u normal perlita

du

add haute

patty = Pa œumbre af aircraft

which Oh amperk an prrscudt br handle
ud 60000 of fone ti called,
patil.

do the
ruhioay

DApprened area 12014 — SE 80004 und ahaa
a particulan ^

which Ha Kept Hush of “aus

Alpen JA athe ater oe
aceaeo2k み 。 aura far

ーー ンー が eo

Yee okoo7 +

CT 6

2 が ee2 wind,
called nalen poda

2) Calm Spada 00 %
ner abn ph ec des,
200 A =
06604 - 과 4 4
ome pl anal à a ts
Pur -CA Ha hrc ig make ak

veclangular orto
Fh STA Ku,

10 Cord vot 04 > Te
dha which aix
fek WU og の

Po カカ フカ 00004 A

ip) [mil 00146 = Gi,
3 fhe puta el ay
Au 10722 piola
pe fee

He hp. y
+ di wall eniloced Lf
year to how as
FIRE": su de
ed

goss
06002
Kumon a 4
aie traffic at

Ihe total

proue
punpise of dala
do mest ab” le wi
done

de

tome
under

Tp arme
a pupa

Hola J 2
pe 100 써리 ZZ
PA cheek 2
aperation. —priok

AU _ chantre

の
th wat

46046. 4

06

laca

"9

ER

zo

1

Scanned with CamScanner

22. aud

portton of the ampert after
46. 10160 94 tercrnurad sag
re/ buddy ausereft. apron,

kg
44069
u kurum al
Jute bls à hate,

Pad シア Dp

fad dla e the dau

the perte do Wad MDs ruche
^ 06194 vearanc Les
Anand fe Of a Hames ate

appreach. and. 7

4 D Explain
Loop
Avroplane

Au- Shore

er
FÜR

Oke seu

The.

70007:

Pr pa polea

a de

10770

tin qui

the av

みな

sssanhal par

ue ef

aft

Scanned with CamScanner

23. 23

24. 09= _

Fuselage 7
lon wayne = Are 0 au Hu: 772

BE proue
Locura hype aN craft anginas x mana aia CE Y pa
ar suitabu a Per な al Lio alto ok puempdd + ma HW tabla
with —medenale ape. 04 Antraf à pro a

A guet fed meprocabi nuque which 2 oo | 119. Propeller = The. prepaid
by pop Yor 00460. Aonmahmal pis

= Jabo— prapluktion

BE angers 7 2. Ha pincraft cam mone gf | muere blade,

huge altibuta al uy 4 “forwoard ez kw
ae ダー 0770 uth

à) Tanke 加

d Ram

Roch 26460 engine un pol ab

subside" 006 beating atmesich
290 huge Speed of abbeld Be 60 tem oA ん
40500 itt man 064 Aug ly. Db Ans
1044 highest Huit four) eo
Labparad to attur aulas, §

Flaps ZA fap tsa Angels sechen sof ah
au plaga wong ‚uud in 00006 0914.00

Tu flaps on —prrgected bo pur, zo22/ an
demana Bin —suducchirn ta pudo af 1 etoo/
and thas, Hy eu 40000 o ét ん 44 baie
Tha flaps ponies 00466. I

and "foie Hit ou hat tal for. tanging MURAL
の 5 の KN Y

Scanned with CamScanner

25. 1 1 a

4
enable tas yo Pra LI
penis amentá landing

ut
DE ar By rte Leu ne
lo upon a ere de anida wilh
Au fout ur プー mean aM Abre,
ta de yy bt putos ia Zora
a de rg pam He au
ga ach tb mov
ale の 72

26. 26

27. e number of runways will depend on the vola .
tation will de the 2
the extent area available for the ai =

n general, the arrangement of the runw

taxiways should comply with the fo en

zar. (to avoid delay in the landing, taxiing and

ake off operations
and to cause the least interference in these operator
fo grant the shortest taxi distance possible from the ter
area to the ends of runways;\,

10 make provision for adequate taxiways so that the land
aircraft can leave the runways as quickly as possible a
follow routes as short as possible to the terminal areajand

.® (lo provide adequate separation in the ar traffic p

In this chapter, the main aspects connected with
design will be described.

4%. RUNWAY ORIENTATION
Aff Preliminary information required: is necessary to collect
the following data before deciding the orientation of the runway

GY [maps of the area In the 0000 of the airport showing

‘contours at suitable intervals) and

A (records of direction, force and duration of the wind inthe
Vicinity and fog, characteristics of the area for as long a
period as possible.

28. eng

d in the dire
he runway is usually oriented ech
Herd wind indicates the wind from

the aircraft w
Spposite direction of thé head or nose of the alrcra
ig or Taking of, The orientation of runway along the head
grants the following two advantages:
provides a

a. Airport Engi

_tay Head win
of the prevailing winds. The

breaking effect and the air

(During landing, it
comes ton length of the runway.

- comes to a stop in a short

00 60008 take off, it provide
aircraft.
Thus, the landing and

les greater lift on the wings Of fi

take off operations take place i
shorter length of the runway due to the head wind than Whale
would have been, if the landing and take off were in the direction]
wind, The reduction in length of runway may be about 10% oF
(3)-Cross wind component: It is not possible to get
direction of opposite wind parallel to the centre-line of the ru
length everyday or throughout the year. For some period of the
at least, the wind may blow making some angle 0 with the dir
of the centre-line of the runway length as shown in fig. dal

Centre-line of runway

7—Vsino

Cross wind
‘component

Cross wind component
Fic. 4-1

29. (Sy Wind coverage: The percentage of time_in_a_year during
ich the cross wind component remains within_the limit of
km p.h. is called the wind coverage of the runway. The orientation
fhe runway should be such that the minimum wind coverage

ff about 95% is obtained. For busy airports, it is possible to

btain wind coverage upto 98% or even 100%.

id rose: For the airport, the average wind data of

rs period are collected and represented graphically

form of a chart known as wind rose. The diagram 15 given
name wind rose

because of its irregular shape resembling a

of wind rose helps in deten
tion_of the runway
Btimating the runway capacity.

‘mining _the_most
It is also a useful device for

30. EL za
ar hos prados 多

の oe

exi GL

000
Alan 24000
ao ダン 。 の

Y Y

31. ot
i Airport gineering
3-2, IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING AIRPORT

ing por should be su

The possibility of improving the exis
airpor

before the recommendation of a nev
pproach of the improvement of existing AP

is made. (The
tis
sort can be carried y

the following considerations
A1) Capacity of existing airport
{2) Improving the existing capac

$3) Traffic forecast

afi be briefly discussed,

14) Planning a ne
will now

onsideratio
ascertained whether

Each of the above
.0 with respect

POT cipated air trafic

00 Capacity of existing PT
the existing airport can handle the ant
to the following items;

0 adequacy of

ji inladequacy

and cargo;
capacity of runways an

sons and servicing faites:
hurtaing for handling Passengers

of terminal

4 texiways to handle the peak

W 100
hour trafic
suitable approaches
existing capaci
Ihe present capaci
include various criteria

etc
ssible methods or

y: The pos
should be

ty of the airport

ig the
such as

(2 improving
measures to improve 1
vestigated and it may i

4) construction of new runw ays;

fi) high speed ext

si) improving trafic contol

Gu) rearranging or revising 1

loading apron;

(af traffic forecast: The f

ol devices;
he plan of terminal building and

ure volume of traffic including the
new types of aircrafts likely to visit the airport should be studied
me peed be calculated whether such 0006 can be accommodated
2 easonable improvements in the existing airport. The peak hour
37 craft movements play an important role in the design of various
Components.{The period of traffic forecast may be from

airport
fas and it must be worked out with as much accuracy

15 10,20 yes
as possible
jerations

4) Planning a new airpo
are not favourable for the improvements bf an existing airport, the

proposal for a new airport should be made.

If the above three consid

32. Airport Engineering

TYPES OF SURVEYS

Meteorological survey
Natural resources survey
graphical survey

of the above type of airport survey will now be brief

(1) Approach zone survey:(The term approach zone is used
«© indicate the wide clearance area on either side of the runway
the direction of landing and take off of an airport

The approach zones permit smooth functioning of an alrcraf

ring Tanding and take off operations. The glide path of an
rcraft during landing varies from a steep slope to a flat slope
But the rate of climbing during take off is controlled by its wing
pading and engine power)
le approach zone survey forms a part of the topographical
survey extended beyond the proposed area of the airport in the
direction of the approach zone. The main aim of this survey is to
establish the elevations of the tops of the objects within the
airport zone in general and within the approach zone in particular
It thus helps in the determination of the locations of the objects
protruding above ground level and which may prove to be hazardous
during landing and take off of the aircrafts, ]

The approach zone survey determines the ownership of such
undesirable objects on the ground and suggests the measures to
remove the existing such objects and to prevent the construction
of such structures by implementation of suitable zoning regulations,
If it is not possible to remove such objects, the survey should
recommend the best way to make them prominent day and night
by some suitable means.

AB (Drainage survey: (lt is necessary 10 have complete data

about the sources of water and the quantities of water to be
indled near the airport site, The water reaching the airport has
be intercepted and diverted in a proper way.

33. near me airport site, =.

The drainage survey also ascertains th;
will hot be submerged during floods 이
and information obtained during this
much useful in the de:

at the pavement of airport
heavy. rains, The details

survey proves to be very
sign of the airport drainage facilities.
Meteorological survey: The s

jenomenon is kn a ee rane
o own_as A ro-
1000! survey, the study of weather soy clima Or
“required, the help of an experienced meteorologist is also taken
The data to be collected in this survey can be enumerated as
follows:
Air barometric pressure;
D direction, duration and intensity of prevailing wind;
i). frost and fog;
JW periods of low visibility,
(vr rainfall intensity and duration;
(wi) snow fall;
(vii) temperature; etc.

It is to be noted that the above details are to be collected for

several years in the past and after proper scrutiny, they should be
applied for the planning and design of the various components of
an airport.

= Some of the applications of the details obtained in this survey
can be mentioned as follows:

The accurate rainfall data will be of immense help in the
design of pavement and airport drainage.

The barometric pressure measures the density of the earth's
surface and it has direct impact on the length of runway.
The maximum depth of frost action can be determined
for the frost affected areas.

The orientation of runway basically depends on the conditions
of the prevailing winds.

‘Natural resources survey: This survey is aimed to collect
complete information about the locally available.construction materials,

fr Varieties and quantities, the possible methods of transport to
— 一 2

34. Alrport Engineering 10 à

bring them to the site and the economy of their use. The sans

of a natural stream as a source of water supply is also inclu
under this survey.
The information and details gathered in this survey prove ve
useful in the construction and maintenance aspects of the airport
Soil survey: 8 10:
() General: The subgrade soil supports the runway and other
© eae the airport. Henee, the knowledge of soil
is considered to be very important to an airfield engineer
From the geological point of view, the soil is defined a,
the relatively thin layer of disintegrated rock lying on or
near the surface of the earth, mixed with organic matter
which is the product of decaying vegetation and animal
material. Thus, the soll is the result ofthe residual concentration
of the alteration products of rock, which in turn, have been
changed by the influences of chemical and physical processes
as well as living and dead organisms. It is underlaid by
the subsoil fragments containing litle organic matter.
Objects of soil survey: The main objects of soil survey with
respect to airport engineering can be mentioned as fellows
(a To carry out the design of pavement.
(0) o decide the best location of various drainage structures
{6 To decide whether or not the subsurface drainage for
the airport will be necessary.
(d)-To determine the location and extent of areas from
which desirable construction materials can be obtained,
91710 determine whether or not the subgrade soil requires
10 be improved so as to increase its bearing capacity,
(0-To establish the top and the. bottom elevations and
lateral limits of all the natural formations to be
encountered in cutting and embankment.

4

35. Airport Engineering Ich. 2 |

In this survey, the surface feat
‘of the region_are_measured ang
survey of the area provides

se
16) Tópographical survey:
ike hills, _civers, levels, etc
Studied. The detailed topographical
Sufficient data for the following:
() To describe the nature of property to be acquired.
To estimate the excavation quantities.
roots and stumps from ground, etc.
iv) To prepare an accurate contour map having contour interval
Sohlen wi allow the selection of the best alignment for the
Tunway and also for determining the drainage cost accurately
(0 To.prepare an accurate map showing roads, hills, property
fines, streams, buildings and all other important physical
features of the airport site
To provide information for the best locations of the outfall
for the drainage system and for which the survey can be
extended beyond the airport boundary.

_(2)"Tatfic survey: In this survey, the investigati carried
aut to predict the probable amount of traffic including the expected
future traffic. For the purpose of convenience, the details to be

gathered during the traffic survey are grouped in the following
wo categories:

⑩ For a new airport

⑩ For improvement of an existing airport.

(i) For a new airport: The details to be collected will be as
follows:

이 Facilities; The facilities to be provided to the passengers,
baggage and cargo, for landing and take off and
servicing of aircrafts, etc. are determined.

s of aircrafts: The characteristics of the aircrafts
iy to use the airport are studied.

(©) Volume of traffic: The peak hourly volume of air traffic

で be Fandled by the airport should be determined.

The above details will help in deciding the type of airport

to be developed and depending upon its classification,

the other relevant standards of airport are recommended.

For improvement of an existing airport: In this survey.

the first step will be to determine the anticipated air

traffic and to study the existing features of the airport
such as:

36. Airport Surveys

(a) adequacy of terminal building;
(b) available facil

(©) capacity of runways and taxiways;

(6) suitability of approaches for the types of aircrafts; etc
From the above details, various measures forthe improvement

of airport may be suggested and they may be in the
following forms:

Jar extensions of runways;
bhigh speed exit taxiways;
improving the traffic control devices;

few or parallel runways;
(€) re-arranging or increasing the size of terminal building
and apron;

37. 4-8. AIRPORT CAPACITY /

The landing and take off are considered as two movements
each aircraft. The landing is given priority over the take off. (The
term airport capacity is used to indicate the aircraft move:
which an airport can permit within a specified period <
allowing acceptable time of delay to the departing aircraft

The airport capacity is influenced by a number of fa
some of which are more significant than others. The most important
factor affecting the airport capacity is the spacing between successive
aircrafts. The ideal airport capacity is reduced to some extent by
the practical considerations.

Hence, the practical operating capacity is much less than the
theoretical or ideal capacity.

38. as Airport Engineering ta,
capacity: y 78 are the factors which affect the airport opera,
9 arrangement, size and number of gates in the apron ara
A availability and structure of the air-space for establish,
the arrival and departure routes J
Ail) characteristics of the aircrafts using the airport;
(9 configuration, number and location’ of the taxiways y
Tunway exits;
configuration, number, spacing and orientation of the runya
system;
existence and nature of the navigational aids;
frequency and existence of occurrence of wake vortices
which require great separations when a light aircraft (lo
a heavy aircraft than when a heavy aircraft follows a

light one;
nature and extent of the air-traffic control facilities;

noise abatement procedures having effect on the type
and timing of operations on the available runways;
number and frequency of touch-and-go operations by generd

aviation aircraft;
number of arrivals relative to the number of departures;

runway occupancy time for arriving and departing aircraft;
techniques adopted by the controller to operate the runway
system;

weather conditions especially visibility aspect as the air
traffic rules are different for good weather and bad weather;

wind conditions which may prohibit the use of all available
runways by all aircrafts; etc

39. 4-4, BASIC RUNWAY LENGTH

The length of runway based—on—the-following assumed
conditions is known as the basic runway length:
41) (No wind is blowing on the runway,
ircraft is loaded to its full loading capacity
(The airport is situated at sea-level.
There is no wind blowing on the way to the destination,
he runway is levelled in the longitudinal direction 066
other words, it has zero effective gradient,
i) \The standard temperature is maintained along the way
(vi) The standard temperature of 15°C exists at the airport
The manner in which an aircraft actually performs the landing
and take off will decide to a large extent the length of a runway
Following three cases will be considered: 40 decor
Normal landing
Normal take off
ppPing in emergency,

40. An. 441 Runway Design 9

(1) Normal landing: As shown in fig, 4-5, the aircraft. should.
tomé 16 a stop within 60 per cent of the landing distance assuming
€ pilot makes an approach at the proper speed and crosses the

that th
ieshold of the runway at a height of 15 m. The beginning of
the runway portion to be used as landing is known as the threshold.

The runway of full strength pavement is provided for the entire
landing distance

Runway

ドー 60% of landing distance
Landing distance ——
Normal landing
10. 4-5
(2) Normal take off: fhe take off distance (TOD) must be, for
a specific weight of aircra 115 per cent of the actual distance the
Sircraft uses to reach a height of 10.5 m, as shown in fig. 4-6. The
distance to reach the height of 10.5 m should be equal to
415 per cent of the liftoff distance (LOD)

Cearway should not — 어
be more than half his distance

Runway
-sm

Lop 一 一 -
115 和 ofLOD 一 一
to reach eight of 10.5 m =»
- TOD:
Longitudinal Section

ji Off Distance FT

TOD = Take Off Distance

본 |
[ee > |
eee

ormal take off
Fic. 4:6

41. 41

42. 42

43. k — Clearway should not
Engine failure

Engine ua be more than half this dis
Runway | Decelerate-stop distan

그 aa
O 一 sup

ーー Clearway 一 中

LoD ———_»

ー Accelerate-stop distance
=, TOD — — —

Longitudinal Section

way

Stopping in emergency

44. {0 Correction for elevation: As
ICAO, the basic runway Tength should be increased at the rate of
Zper rise in elevation of airport above the mean sea

N is required because the air density reduces as
ses which in turn reduces the lift on the wings
Thus, the aircraft will require more ground speed to

or achieving more speed, the longer length of
runway will be required,

per the recommendation of

2) Correction for gradient: As the gradient becomes steep,
10006 000540008100 of energy takes place and longer length of the
runway will be required to attain the desired ground speed. The
ICAO does not give any specific recommendation for the inevease re
length due to the effective gradient,

The maximum difference in elevation between the highest and
the lowest points of runway divided by the total length of runway
is known as the effective gradient. According to FAA (Federal
Aviation Administration) of U.S.A,, the runway length after_being
corrected for elevation and temperature should further be increased
at the rate of 20% for every 1% of the effective gradien

(3) Correction for temperature: The rise in airport o
temperature has the same effect as that of the increase in its
elevation above mean sea-level. After the basic length is corrected
for the elevation of airport, it is further increased.at the rate of

% for every 1°C risein airport reference temperature above the
Standard atmospheric temperature at that elevation. The airport
reference temperature is worked out by the following expression:

A
3

Where 71 = monthly mean of the average daily temperature for
the hottest month of the year

+ T2 = monthly mean of the maximum daily temperature
for the same month.

Airport reference temperature = TI +

45. Airport Engineering 대

The standard.temperature at

by 8 m el tem e ire
ng the standard mean searlev el temperature of 15°C an
ducing =

NEST 65°C per thousand metre Y

se in elevation.
“he site by model tests should be carried |

# he airport site-can.be deter

Note: The |
plus temperat
Epeciñic studies at
before finally adopting 0

ProbJeff 4-1. P
‘Calculate the astual length of the runw:
Airport elevation + R.L- 100

the runway from the following das

Airport reference temperature =
Basic length of runway :
Highest point along the length :
Lowest point along the length
Solut
Correction of elevation
7 he basic length is to be increased at the rate Of 7% per 300m

elevation above mean sea-level. er,
E

E 7 100%
Correction for elevation. = — x —/=.14 m.

100 300%
Length of runway after
“correction for elevation

Correction for temperature:

Standard ea =

= (600. +) = 614m.

temperature at mean sea-level

Taking the temperature gradientás e
E i i qual to 6,5°C per 1000 m
sein elevation, the standard temperature atthe airport ite wil e

A (63 x 100) nasse

Differefieg between airport reference a

temperature and standard
‘atmospheric temperatures
APE Carretion atthe tte of 1% for ic

correction fôr temperature = 5 x a) x 13.65

700
= 83.81 say 84 m.

Corrected runway lengihun (614% gay 698 m.

46. Runway
j Y Design
Effective gradient = EL-982 - RL 952
3 600
706 Cr 0.5%
applying correction for the
each 1% effective gradient,

effective gradient atthe rate of 24
eeen or gaint = (2 igs) 05
x 69
(700 * 98} x

= 69.8, say 70 1
Actual length of runway = (698 + 70) = gg
E Total correction for

elevation and temperature | = (14 + 84) =98 m

98
Percentage increase = x 100 = 16.339

According to ICAO, this should not be more than 3

Problem 4-2,

for the hottest month of the year at the proposed airport site
fnean of the average daily temperature is 38°C and the mean of
the maximum daily temperature is 47°C. Calculate the airport reference
temperature. If the site is at mean sea-level with a level ground,
calculate the actual runway length to be provided.
Solutio

Ben

Airport reference temperature = Tı + +
Where T, = mean of the average daily temperature = 38°C
Ty = mean of the maximum daily temperature = 47°C

47-38

Airport reference temperature = 38 +

Standard atmospheric
temperature at mean sea-level
Rise in temperature
Let L be the basic runway lenge!
the rate of 1% for every 1°C,

h Then, applying correction at

correction RE と En

47. FID BE
Mires for elevation ar gradient in this
As no corrections aremequired for eleva out to
case, the actual length of runway will work
- 1.26 ㄴ ㆍ

Ans,
+ 026

Problem 4-3.
An airport is proposed at an elev
/ An airp P

Wel where the mean of maximum and
of the hottest month are 44.8°C and a
rofile of runway 15.6.2 m,

elevation difference along the proposed pi 0111
ifthe basic length of runway is 1260 m, determine the actbal Tength

as
ar an elevation of 400 m above mean' Seay
m erage daily temperatures

mean of av ke

26.2°C respectively.

of runway to be provided ww)
Solution DA

Correction for elevation:
The basic length is to be increased at the rate of 7% per 300 m
elevation above mean sea-level.
7 、400
rrection for elevation = -一 xーー x 1260
Correction aan

= 117.6, say 118 m.

Length of runway after | _ (1260. + 118) = 1378 m,
correction for elevation

Correction for temperature:
Airport reference temperature

where
mean of the maximum daily temperature = 44.8°C

… Airport reference temperature = 26.2 + 448-262

= 26.2 + 6.2

= 15°C.

Standard atmospheric
temperature at mean sea-level

: Rise in temperature = (32.4'- 15) = 17.4°C.
Applying correction at the rate of 1% for every 1°C,

! 1
correction for temperature = | —_ x 1378
700 X 17.4

= 239,77, say 240 m.
Corrected length = (1378 + 240)
= 1618 m.

48. 새 #31 Runway Design
heck:
Total correction for

elevation and temperature | = (118 + 240) = 358 m.

Percentage increase = = x 100 = %
= 28.41%

According to ICAO, this should not be more than 35%,
Correction for gradient:

E 63
Effective gradient = — x 100 = 0.5%
1260

Applying correction for the effective gradient at the rate of 20%
for each 1% effective gradient,

20 0.5
cion watt = (2160) à

= 161.8, say 162 m
Actual length of runway = (1618 + 162) = 1780 m Ans.
Problem 4-4.

At an airport site at sea-level with standard atmospheric conditions,
the runway lengths required for take off and landing are 2000 m and
2400 m respectively. The proposed airport is situated at an altitude
of 150 m. If the airport reference temperature is 25°C and if the
effective runway gradient is 0.35 per cent, calculate the length of
runway to be provided,

Solution:
(1) Corrections to runway take off length:

7
9 000 for elevation = 一 - x2000x—— «
ection for elevat 6 a)

= 70m.
Corrected length = (2000 + 70) = 2070 m.
Rise in temperature = (25 - 15)= 10°C.

2070

Correction for temperature = | Ing. 10 | = 207 m
Corrected length = (2070 + 207) = 2277 m.

heck:

Total correction for | (76 + 207) = 277 m
elevation and temperature

am
= 13.85%
Percentage increase = 3000 * 100
35%.
According to ICAO, this should not be more than

49. Airport Engineering

20
20 x 2277.x 0.3

tion for gradiel
100

= 159.39, say 160 m.
Corrected runway |

> 77 + 160
length for take off |

ay 2440 m.

) Correction to runway landing length
7 1
orrection for elevation = 2400 x
100 300
As no corrections are required to landing length for temperature
and gradient, the corrected runway length. for landing will be
(2400 + 84) = 2484 m,

Adopting higher of the two values, the actual runway lengtt
to be provided will be

50. Chapter 5
ower

_TAXIWAY DESIGN

5-1. GENERAL

The main function of taxiways is to provide access {rom the
ays to the terminal area and service hangars, It 1
te service hangars, It 15 evid
the speed of Aircraft on the taxiway will be much fess than
t on the runway at the time of landing or take off
id construction will therefore
runway.

standards for the taxiway design an
not be as rigorous as for the

An apron taxiway 15 a taxiway’ located usually on the periphery
of an apron. The term dual parallel taxiways refers to two taxiwaya
parallel to each other on which airplanes can taxi in the opposite
directions. A terminal taxilane is a taxiway on an apron used for
the access to the gate positions,

In this chapter, the salient features associated with the taxiway
design will now be briefly described,

5-2. LAYOUT OF TAXIWAYS

Following factors or considerations govern the layout of the
tadways;

AT Arrangement: (The arrangement of the taxiways should be
such that the aircraft which has just landed does not interfere
with the aircraft taxiing to take off

(2) Busy airports\it_is_desirable to locate the taxiways at
various points along the runway on busy airports. It will then be
Possible for the Tanding aircraft to leave the runway as early as
Possible for making it clear for use by other aircraft) Such taxiways
are known as exit faxiways or turn-offs. For Busy airports where
Twing traffic is expected to move in both directions simultaneously,
Parallel one-way taxiways should be provided.

51. Airport Engineering. Ten. y

(3) Crossing: As far as possible,(the crossing or inter-sectig,
taxiway and active runway should be avoided.

44) Higher turn-off speeds If exit taxiways are designed

high turn-off speeds, the runway occupancy of the landing aircraf
is reduced. It will thus result in the increase of the airport capa

45) Route:(The selection of the route of taxiway should 5
made in such a way that it results in the shortest practicable
distance from the-terminal area to the end of the runway useq
for the take-off.

52. 14

erally, a hherrigontal unse a
시 my Hee 1 a change ald
Eu — techn EP amic The ture À
re da u a UE dé sl
ad Ar た ung He ET
use fe thas. purpete la 46444
た og 은 formula and Hi radios
+ re の radius,

46 wee

: et li

Ba
SE

ps asm
prend a faction usually

0.13)
호” darge Aubtniin get planet
Be gustas ET:

And Aupi sonic lamer, the minimum vadiy
au eu à

8. Explain the Saxiıoı Hur wad or
07 an cna pera” | Ach “q

diagram. A

53. 120 Airport Engineering PN:
Fig. 5-1 illustrates the path followed by a supersonic aircra
31.2 m on a taxiway having a cur

the radius of curve shoyjg

having wheel base of
60 m radius. According to Horonjeff,
be such that a minimum distance of 6 117 is maintained betwee
the nearby main gear and the edge of pavement. The Horonjeffs

equation is as follows
0.388 M

051-5

radius of centre-line of taxiway in m

wheel base of aircraft in m
width of taxiway pavement in m

= distance between point midway of the main gears
and the edge of taxiway pavement in m.

Centre-line —
of taxiway

Edge of taxiway pavement

Path of point midway
between main gear

4
Dn,

L centre of ase gear
- Supersonic aircraft following centre-line
of taxiway

54. pen 5:
77 perermine the turning radius of the taxiway for a

+ aircraft with a wheel base of 30 m and tr
gear as 6 m for a design turning speed of 50 km ph
me coefficient of friction. between tyre and pavement surface

Asz3 and width of taxiway pavement as 22.5 m,

transpor

oadi

solution:
Turning radius

2) Horonjeff's equation

2
R = 0388W
0.51-5

in this case W = wheel base of aircraft = 30 m

T = width of taxiway pavement = 22.5 m
distance between point midway of the main
gears and the edge of taxiway pavement

Substituting, —— 155.2 m.. Ans.

55. Airport Engineering Ich.s

ute minimum turning radius for supersonic: aircraft

tive of any speed = 180 m.

he highest value of the three cases mentioned above,
g radius of the taxiway to be actually provided will