Railway over bridge

Railway over bridge Presentation

1. Railway Over Bridge CONSTRUCTION START NOW The rail over bridge is designed to allow the road traffic to pass over the railway line.

2. CONSTRUCTION OF RAILWAY OVER BRIDGE GROUP 15: - Design and estimation of a 4 lane 90 m railway over bridge (ROB) in Chand Sarai, Lucknow

3. Contents Bridge Types of Bridges Introduction: Railway Over Bridge Project Details Test carried out before start of construction Methodology Suggestions Bibliography

4. Bridge Bridge is a type of structure that provides passage over obstacles such as valleys, rough terrain or bodies of water by spanning those obstacles with natural or man made materials even in those areas where traffic volume is really high. Components of a Bridge: Deck slab Longitudinal girder Cross beams Bearings Joints Pier / Abutment Pier cap R.E. Wall

5. Types of Bridges Beam Bridge Cantilever Bridge Suspension bridge Arch Bridge Truss Bridge Cable-stayed Bridge

6. Introduction: Railway Over Bridge The railway over bridge is a result of collaborated working of Bridge Corporation and Indian Railways. The Railway over bridge is divided as: Rail portion: Its construction is carried out by Indian Railways. Viaduct portion: It lies on both sides of railway portion and is constructed by bridge corporation.

7. Project Details Department: Uttar Pradesh Expressway and Industrial Development Authority (UPEIDA) Site Name: Chand Sarai, Lucknow Total Length of the Bridge: 90m Bridge Type: Railway Over Bridge

8. Test carried out before start of construction Material Test Sieve analysis Cube Test Impact test of aggregates Consistency test of Cement Setting time of Cement Soil Bearing Capacity Test Plate-load Test

9. Surveying Traffic Design Engineering Design Foundation Bearings Girders Shuttering Concreting METHODOLOGY

10. Surveying Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. Under Surveying we have: Reconnaissance Survey Topographic Survey Total Station Traverse Bench Mark Detailed Survey METHODOLOGY

11. Traffic Design The capacity standards for Bridge have been adopted as per the “Guidelines for Bridge”. Capacity analysis is fundamental to the planning, design and operation of roads and provides, among other things, the basis for determining the carriageway width to be provided at any point in a road network with respect to the volume and composition of traffic. Moreover, it is a valuable tool for evaluation of the investments needed for future road constructions and improvements. Equivalency Factors are calculated. Capacity Analysis METHODOLOGY

12. Engineering Design The Preliminary Design has been carried out on the selected alignment so as to have optimum Construction, Operation & maintenance cost and Vehicle Operation Cost; minimum Social Impacts and Social Costs and Environmental Impacts and Environmental Mitigation Costs. Geometric Design of the Alignment Indicative Design Standards Design Speed METHODOLOGY

13. METHODOLOGY Then Foundation is being laid. PILE FOUNDATION Noticed that the soft rock exists after two or three layers of soil which explains the selection of foundation for transfer of super structural loads coming from the bridge onto the ground safely.

14. Construct of Pile Foundation

15. Test On Pile Foundation To assess the carrying capacity of the casted piles and to ensure the homogeneity, various advanced tests have been conducted. They are listed below: Initial Pile Load test / Kent Ledge Load Test Dynamic load Test Pile Integrity Test

16. Initial Pile Load Test/Kent Ledge Load Test Loading applied on the pile head was measured by volumetric method. In this method sand bags were arranged on top of the platform which is made with 8mm thick MS plate. The plate rests on the secondary beams of ISMB 300. These 27 No’s ISMB 300 was resting on 7No’s of ISMB 600 and supported by solid bed on either of the pile. The total dead load available for the pile load test was about 1100MT

17. Dynamic load Test The basic purpose of high strain dynamic pile testing is to evaluate pile static capacity and its structural integrity using measurement of both force and velocity . Strain transducers and accelerometers are attached to the test pile. Strains induced under the impact of a heavy falling hammer from a pre-determined height are measured with the help of strain transducers attached to the pile, whereas accelerometers record the accelerations generated in the pile. The Pile Driving Analyzer(PDA) converts strain to force , and acceleration records are converted to velocities . By using measured velocities, they performed trial and error process in CAPWAP Software and computed forces in order to plot the graph between measured and computed forces. And subsequent results have been found out and assured by the Chief Engineer or Engineer In charge.

18. Pile Integrity Test The low strain Integrity testing is a Non-Destructive Integrity test method for foundation piles for the assessment of potential problems like cross sectional changes, honeycombing, Physical dimensions, continuity of pile and concrete quality. This testing requires the attachment of the highly sensitive accelerometer to the pile top with viscous material. After hammer impact downward compressive wave is generated travelling with wave speed “c”.

19. Bearings The bearing is an element of superstructure which provides an interface between the superstructure and substructure. This interface is vital because superstructure undergoes dimensional changes and deformations due to various factors which are as follow: Thermal expansion / contraction Elastic Deformation under live load Seismic forces Creep and shrinkage of concrete Settlement of supports Longitudinal forces – tractive / breaking Wind Loads

20. Types of Bearings Free Float Bearing of Capacity 248MT Pin Metallic Guided Bearing of Capacity 18MT Pin Fixed Bearing of Capacity 93-114MT Free Float Bearing of Capacity 189MT Slide Guide Bearing of Capacity 178MT Slide Guide Bearing of Capacity 189MT

21. Girders Girders are structural members carry super structural loads and distribute to the substructure, from then, to the ground safely. PSC Girders Composite Steel Girders Cross Girders/Diaphragms

22. PSC Girders Firmly, Precast PSC Girders are casted at the site. After curing for 15days, stressing has been done and accordingly evaluated elongation so as to check with the specifications provided. Arrangement of the reinforcement and Cable profiling are shown in the below figure.

23. Cross Girders/Diaphragms Cross Girders/Diaphragms act like tie beams. Intermediate Diaphragms End Diaphragms Below picture is representing reinforcement inside an End Diaphragm.

24. Composite Steel Girders Composite girders are manufactured in the workshop namely PMG Structural’s Limited. As per the designed drawings, composite girders are manufactured and shipped to the site. Before going for the manufacture of composite girders, activities included like materials’ tests such as Physical dimensional check , Chemical analysis , Mechanical testing and etc. For the erection of composite girders, DTI Washer was used in the process of tightening the bolted connection.

25. Shuttering Temporary timber, plywood, metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self-support. It provides support to horizontal, vertical and inclined surface and also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size. Types of shuttering: Steel Shuttering Wooden plank shuttering Temporary brick masonry shuttering METHODOLOGY

26. Material required for shuttering Bottom (casting bed) Beam plate & Cross beam plate Tube anchorage H.T.S wire (12.5 mm), winding wire Nuts & bolts Plastic plate Wooden block METHODOLOGY

27. Concreting Concreting is the process of mixing together the various ingredients – water, cement, aggregate, and any additives – to produce concrete. Concrete production is time-sensitive. Once the ingredients are mixed, workers must put the concrete in place before it hardens. In modern usage, most concrete production takes place in a large type of industrial facility called a concrete plant, or often a batch plant. Machine used in concreting: Batching plant One bag mixer Two bag mixer Four bag mixer METHODOLOGY Bag mixer divided in 3 parts: Hooper Drum Air-bucket

28. After the setting of concrete, the shuttering is removed. Recommended period for removal of shuttering: 48 hours-foundations, columns, beams, walls. 7 days-underside of slab up to 4.5 m span. 14 days-underside of slab, beam arches above 4.5 m up to 6 m span. 21 days-6m to 9m span. 28 days-above 9m span. METHODOLOGY

29. Suggestions Bridges maintenance consists of combination of structural health monitoring and testing. This is regulated in country specific engineer standard. A Simple test or inspection every two to three years and a major inspection every six to ten years is done. There are several methods used to monitor the stress in large structures like bridges. Use of accelerometer. Use of Doppler vibrometer.

30. Conclusion The innovation design of ROB has the potential to save in crores of Rupees in addition to facilitate local people to cross Railway land with ease and enhanced safety to train operations through closure of level crossing. The reduced land requirement, reduced length of approaches, improved feasibility of economic open foundation design, possible immunity from bearing capacity variations and enhance aesthetics are advantages which are recurring in nature and makes this design attractive and useful. Railway Board’s appreciation and further advice to other Zones of Indian Railways endorses this innovation as resolute.

31. REFRENCES UTTAR PRADESH EXPRESSWAYS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (UPEIDA) Victor , D. J. Design of Bridges IS 800, General Construction in Steel – Code of practice, 2007 IRC 21, Construction of Bridges, 2000 Mr Mohit Choubey, Professor of Civil Engineering, BBDITM, Lucknow, India

32. THANK YOU Submitted by Under the guidance of Mr. Mohit Choubey (Assistant Professor) NAME ROLL NO. SAURABH SINGH 1805400918 SURYA PRAKASH RAWAT 1805400919 TANMAY SINGH CHAUHAN 1805400920 VIKAS SINGH RAJPUT 1805400921 VIKAS SINGHANIYA 1805400922 VIKRAM PRATAP SINGH 1805400923 VISHWAJEET 1805400924