Rainforest biomes and characteristic

USM, 2017, Dr. Nurul Salmi, BBT308

1. Rainforest Biome & its Characteristics BBT308 Tropical Plant Ecology Tan Xin Yi 130249 Nur Nasiha Sakina bt Jaafir 129976 Nurul Hidayah Ayub 129986 Nurul Shaidatul Shahida bt Azmi 131266 Shahrul Nizam bin Abu Bakar 131269 Hanis Liyana bt Fadzil 129943 Group : Beach

2. Definition of Rainforest Biome A biome with dense forest dominated with tall trees and receives high annual rainfall. The high annual rainfall and the thick forest is what that make up the name “rain-forest”

3. Rainforest Tropical Temperate

4. Tropical Rainforest An evergreen rainforest found in the tropics with warm temperature and plants with broad leaves. Climate warmer, receives more rainfall and greater biodiversity than temperate rainforest.

5. Temperate Rainforest A rainforest that can be found at the temperate region where the average annual rainfall lower and temperature cooler than that of tropical rainforest.

6. RAINFOREST CHARACTERISTICS HIGH RAINFALL Rainforests have average annual rainfall between 80 inches and 430 inches Tree transpiration also contributes to increased humidity and cloud formation in rainforest areas As a single canopy tree can lose about 200 gallons of water per year, through transpiration This image shows that places on the equatorial (red) which are mostly rainforest region produce the most water vapor cause by tree transpiration due to high rainfall.

7. 2. WARM TEMPERATURE AND LOW LATITUDE With average temperatures ranging from 72 to 93 degrees Fahrenheit and very little fluctuation during the year, most tropical rainforests are warm all year round, except those at higher elevations Situated within the tropics, most rainforests are found nearby the Equator, in areas of latitude lower than 23 degrees North and South Moist climate of the equatorial zone with a large annual water surplus and uniformly warm temperature through the year Low latitude climates are controlled by equatorial tropical air masses

8. 3. RICH BIODIVERSITY The tropical rainforest is the richest biome in the world, containing more species per square mile than any other forest. A tropical rainforest can have more than 480 tree species per hectare There are an estimated 8,500 species of vascular plants in Peninsular Malaysia, with another 15,000 in the East. The forests of East Malaysia are estimated to be the habitat of around 2,000 tree species, and are one of the most biodiverse areas in the world, with 240 different species of trees every hectare Insects species are the most abundant in the rainforests.

9. 4. FOUR-LAYER CANOPY STRUCTURE Rainforests feature a distinct canopy structure of four main levels; the emergent layer, with 130 feet trees is the highest level the canopy ceiling contains trees with heights between 100 and 130 feet the understory, which contains trees and shrubs about 20 to 60 feet above the floor and the ground level or forest floor, which receives less than 2 percent of the available sunlight.

10. IMPORTANCE OF FOREST Watershed protection Habitat for biodiversity Prevent soil erosion Economic importance Regulates water cycle

11. Roles Of Trees

12. Use carbon dioxide Reduce global warming Provide shelter and shade Release oxygen Lower air temperature and induce rainfall Reduce evaporation rates Reduce noise pollution Provide timber and firewood Stabilise the soil Conserve energy Acts as windbreaker Fix nitrogen Have aesthetic value ROLES OF TREE

13. Impact of climate change on tropical forest

14. T emperature Stabilizing temperature is one of the function tropical forest. T ropical forest will absorb carbon dioxide gas that released by human by process photosynthesis. If the process does not happen, it will effect rising in temperature. Next, in a long period iceberg at north pole will melting and next increase sea water level. Diagram 1: Cycle of carbon dioxide and oxygen.

15. Precipitate Play a vital role in local climate regulation by their interaction with water cycles.  Helping the circulation of water by add water to the atmosphere via transpiration process. The water vapor released by leaves during photosynthesis. Next will become cloud rain. Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through  plants  from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, Then, it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere.  Diagram 2: Process of transpiration.

16. Avoid from natural disaster. The forest serves as a deterrent to flooding   and erosion. The forests act as sponge and can soak up excess rainwater, preventing run-offs and damage from flooding. The roots will hold soil structure and prevent it from slide. The forest will releasing water in the dry season, and can prevent wild fires during drought. Diagram 3: Types of natural disaster

17. What is Climate Change

18. Climate - Refers to the weather pattern of a place over a long period , long enough to yield meaningful averages. - Climate can be different for different seasons. - Earth's climate is what you get when you combine all the climates around the world together. Weather - Weather is the changes we see and feel outside everyday in a short period of time. - Weather can varies day to day or by places. Differences between Weather and Climate

19. Climate change is a change in the usual weather found in a place. This could be a change in how much rain a place usually gets in a year. Or it could be a change in where rain and snow usually fall on certain country in the world Climate Change

20. Impact of climate change on tropical forest ( How do climate change on tropical forest ) 1. Habitat loss 2. Migration of animals 3. Reduce primary production 4. Affect site capacity to store water canopy, little layer and soil.

21. Impact of climate change on tropical forest 5. Affect dry land salinity 6. Reduce productivity of forest 7. Increase forest pathogen

22. References http://www.dictionary.com/browse/rainforest http://www.thefreedictionary.com/rainforest http://www.isfoundation.com/news/what-are-temperate-rainforests-and-why-are-they-so-important http://www.wildernessclassroom.com/a-closer-look-at-temperate-rainforests/ http://www.kidcyber.com.au/temperate-rainforest/ https://www.videoblocks.com/video/rain-forest-sunshine-coast-eco-sun-flare-rural-nature-ecotourism-canada-mmz9kse/ https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/320037117244827494/ www.fanpop.com/clubs/rainforest/images/32472904/title/rainforest-wallpaper https://dmartinbenito.wordpress.com/research-projects/ecology-of-the-colchic-temperate-rainforest/