Reaserch in Literature (Marxism Theory).pptx

Marxism

1. Close Reading and Marxism (Research Methods for Literary Studies) Lukas Nandamai, S.Pd , M.A. Universitas Mercu Buana , Yogyakarta and Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

2. Literary Criticism is the study, discussion, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of literary works. Literary criticism is usually expressed in the form of a critical essay.

3. Determine what we want to explore and reveal Selecting the most appropriate tool to criticize the work.

4. Decide which literary work you’d like to analyze ..

5. f ormulate a thesis based on the primary source AND prove this thesis using the primary source & secondary sources

6. An argument When you write an extended literary essay, often one requiring research, you are essentially making an argument . You are arguing that your perspective - an interpretation, an evaluative judgment, or a critical evaluation- is a valid one . W hat makes a good literature paper? (Source: 1)

7. A debatable thesis statement Like any argument paper, you must have a specific, detailed thesis statement that reveals your perspective, and, like any good argument, your perspective must be one which is debatable .

8. example : You would NOT want to make an argument of this: Morrison’s The Bluest Eye is a novel about a young girl who wants to have blue eyes. That doesn't say anything-it's basically just a part of a summary, it does not require a research and it is hardly debatable.

9. A better thesis would be this: Morrison’s The Bluest Eye reveals the White standard of beauty and its impacts on African American women in 1940s. That is debatable and researchable. The rest of the paper will be an analysis to prove it, using specific examples as evidence from the primary text and supported by related sources by scholars.

10. What lenses can? Nyai Ontosoroh Identity formation- Minke Native –Colonial contact Dutch colonialism Marxism (The Dutch as upper class and Indonesian natives as lower class ) Identity confusion- Annelies , Robert

11. A literary work can be analyzed by using different approaches The approach or criticism you use depends on your need (research problem and aim).

12. C ritical A pproaches t o l iterature C ritical A pproaches t o l iterature

13. Some critical approaches Marxism Theory

14. Marxism Theory The perspective that scrutinizes the parallel events between the bourgeoisie/capitalists (industrial owner or those who own the means of production) and proletariat (workers). Most conflict occurs whereas the bourgeoisie oppresses the proletariat. Marxism’s main proposition is that a revolution takes place where the proletariat revolt against the bourgeoisie (Communism). The revolution’s outcome is a no-class society. A communist society.

15. What is Communism (Marxism)? Socialism Communism (Marxism) As everyone now works together, war is a thing of the past – armies are not needed. Sharing means no police are needed. Everything is provided by the people – so money becomes a thing of the past. All human activity goes towards benefiting each other – allowing all to live their lives to the full.

16. Communism (Marxism) = “ Short Version ”

17. Development of the “ factory culture ”

18. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

19. “ Upstairs / Downstairs ” Life

20. Socialism According to Marx Karl Marx- German philosopher, supported the establishment of socialism and communism. Wrote the “ Manifesto of the Communist Party” along with Friedrich Engels. Marx was unhappy with capitalism and the negative aspects of industrialization (Most significantly, the unfair exploitation of the working class. Marx dreams that a society without class can happen eventually, without a necessary revolution. If such is the case, a “socialist” society happens.

21. What is The Communist Manifesto ? The Communist Manifesto was Marx and Engels ’ greatest work Published in 1848 Not widely read in Europe until after Marx ’ s death in 1883 Marxist “ Bible ”

22. Who are the major players in Communism? Two (2) groups: Proletariat = Working class / lower classes of society Bourgeoisie = Upper classes / the ones who gain wealth off the proletariat

23. What Needs To Take Place First? Marx believed that history could be explained through class struggle Marx was convinced that history would pass through certain phases (I.E. Feudalism, Capitalism, Socialism) until finally a Communist society would emerge.

24. Communism After the proletariat has successfully overthrown the bourgeoisie: 1. Communism would gradually emerge. 2. The need for government would no longer exist. 3. There would no longer be separate classes in society. Everyone would work according to their abilities and… Everyone receives according to their needs.

25. History of Class Struggle

26. Marx’s Theory? Marx and Engels studied the history of the world ’ s economies and the way that power, industry and finance are controlled. They saw the way countries developed in stages over world history Primitive Communism Feudalism Capitalism Socialism Communism (Marxism)

27. It is a concept born due to the fact that literature works portray the reality of differences in people’s social class and history. Many of the current concepts, terms, and issues related to social class derive from Marxist criticism. it’s grounding concepts is Marx’s theory of “modes of production.” Marx proposed that human history is divided into seven successive historical modes of production (tribal hordes, Neolithic kinship societies, oriental despotism, ancient slaveholding societies, feudalism, capitalism, communism) The capitalist/bourgeois mode of our time has been characterized mainly by the conflict between the industrial working class (proletariat/labor) and the owners (bourgeoisie) who are considered as owners and manipulators of the means of production. Department of Political Science More on Marxism Theory

28. Other classes, including the unemployed and criminals ( the lumenproletariat ) becomes spectators of this clash from the historical sideline. Marx predicted that international labor will win and the communist mode of production will emerge triumphant, and eventually leading to equality, a class with no class. According to Marx the superstructure of the socio-economic is based on its cultural spheres: politics, law, religion, philosophy and arts. Ideology consists of the ideas, beliefs, forms and values of the ruling class that circulate through all the cultural spheres. The working class conceives a “false consciousness” since they ascribe to bourgeois ideas and values which make them forget the realities of their own working class lives. Hegemony appoints their believes by non-violent institutions such as church, school, family, the media, mainstream arts, trade unions, business interests and technoscientific establishments.

29. Many novels like James Joyce’s Ulysses incorporate such social conflict in heteroglot discourse a carnivalization of different languages that revolt against official style  commodity, commodity fetishism and commodification are considered as useful in reading society and culture and the terms often appear in popular critics and theorists. Commodity: a working class creates not for their own work but for the sole purpose of subsistence. E.g. they cannot claim copyright or originality for their own work. Fetishism: focusing on the goods in the store and overlooking the paid labor involved  the displacement of use value from the commodity and transformation into cash exchange results in the alienation of the labor: carpenters do not value their own works since they focus more on exchange value rather than use value.

30. C ommodification results in making people and things as objects with price tags. A rtists sell their work anxiously to gain profits and the system makes critics as hired advisers to money collectors  theorists begun to wonder if criticism and the arts can any longer possess a socially critical dimension  contemporary Marxist critics and cultural studies scholars increasingly worry about the assimilation by the market (and the media) of every form of resistance, ranging across the arts and popular culture. Marxist criticism and cultural studies frequently aim their critical inquiries at this system and its dynamics.

31. the Abortive Communist Coup of 30th September 1965 (G30S): A Marxist- Althusserian Research Sample Research

32. Louis Althusser’s Ideology and Ideological State Apparatus “What distinguishes the ISAs from the (Repressive) State Apparatus is the following basic difference: the Repressive State Apparatus functions 'by violence', whereas the Ideological State Apparatuses function by ideology.” Lous Althusser’s Ideological State Apparatus (ISA): they manage social instability and conflict to impose and maintain hegemonic order, working for the most part outside of official state power  Culture and popular arts are also involved in transmitting ideologies. “I ask the pardon of those teachers who, in dreadful conditions, attempt to turn the few weapons they can find in the history and learning they 'teach' against the ideology, the system and the practices in which they are trapped […] They are a kind of hero […] But they are rare.”

33. The Movement of the 30th September 1965 (G30S/ Gestapu ) Six Generals were killed by members of the palace guard, the Tjakrabirawa , under the command of Lt. Col. Untung in the presence of Gerwani and the Pemuda Rakjat in the evening of September 30 in Lubang Buaya , Jakarta. A seventh general, Nasution , escaped but his young daughter subsequently died of gun wounds. Major General Suharto and Nasution at Army Headquarters took quiet and decisive action against the plotters. Sukarno was held under the military’s protection; then he put Suharto in charge of controlling the nation’s situation through the Supersemar letter. Sukarno was found guilty of plotting the Movement and sentenced into prison and died there out of illness. Suharto replaced Sukarno as President. The Movement was a mutiny of junior officers (Anderson and McVey. “The Cornell Papers, 1971) The Movement was an alliance of army officers and the PKI (Crouch, “The Army and Politics in Indonesia,” 1978) The Movement was a frame-up against the PKI (Wertheim, 1970) The New Order/The Army/ Suharto’s Regime version, 1966-1998 (Harry Aveling ) The Post-Reformation Era Version, 1998-present (John Roosa , Anderson and McVey, Harold Crouch and W. F. Wertheim)

34. Minimum Hegemony (1965-1970) Total Hegemony (1971-1980) Decadent Hegemony (1981-1998) Overview of the Three Periods of the New Order Regime in the Context of Literary Opposition

35. Ir : Insinyur = A title for engineers. Jendral = General . Ir. Sukarno Old Order New Order Jenderal Soeharto Significance of Study Brian Massumi’s “Political Ontology of Threat” US and the post-9/11 Context The “Political Ontology of Threat” as applied to the Communist Purge in Indonesia

36. Chapter III Method, Approach, primary & secondary sources, procedures

37. "A Woman and Her Children " by Gerson Poyk (1966) A is under great confusion to whether or not save the children of K (who is a Communist) and his wife, Hadijah (a non-Communist). The antagonists hinder A’s good intention to save the children as all state institutions dealing with children’s well-being such as schools and orphanages reject taking care of any child of a Communist. The conflict heightens as one of the masses provokes A into believing that the mother of the children is just taking advantage of K’s kindness. In addition, A’s past experiences of being imprisoned because of the slander of Hadijah’s husband strengthens the hatred. This causes A to grow a fit against Hadijah . An army tells A that communists do not have a penny anymore as all of the wealth had been confiscated by the army to ensure that they do not conduct any follow-up movement. With shock, A hastily jolts to Hadijah’s house and finds her dead. Description of the PKI having massive power and therefore being hated by the people before the events of the Gestapu . The main character was imprisoned because of a Communist's political power. The Communist Threat propaganda creates the communist purge which is not commensurate with what the PKI did in the Gestapu . A communist wife who herself is not a Communist dies over depression. Their children become parentless and no orphanage (as part of the ISA) accepts them. Nobody wants to have anything to do with any Communist element. Tumpas kelor (annihilation of any Communist element from its roots). The main character becomes an example of Althusser’s “ teachers”. Plot, Character, and Other Elements FINDINGS Plot, Character, and Other Elements Findings

38. Thank you