RECENT ADVANCES IN COMPOSITES (2).pptx

Resin-based composites (RBCs) are widely used in dentistry for direct tooth restorations. Here are some key points about them:

Composition: RBCs consist of synthetic resins (such as Bis-GMA, TEGMA, UDMA, and HDDMA) and a filler material (usually silica). These materials provide good tooth-like appearance, are easy to manipulate, and are cost-effective1.
Setting Mechanism: Traditionally, RBCs set through a chemical reaction between two pastes—one containing an activator and the other containing an initiator. However, light-curing RBCs were introduced in the 1970s. These use visible light and camphorquinone as the photoinitiator, allowing for better depth of curing2.
Advantages:
Aesthetic appearance (tooth-colored)
Insensitive to dehydration
Easy to manipulate
Inexpensive
Disadvantages:
Lesser longevity compared to silver-mercury amalgam restorations (but similar to amalgam with proper care)
Requires skillful placement by the dentist
some recent advances in resin-based composite restorations:

Bulk-Fill Resin Composites:
These are significant advancements in restorative dentistry. They simplify deep cavity restorations by eliminating the need for incremental placement of composite material.
Bulk-fill materials allow efficient restoration of deep cavities, reducing the risk of void inclusion within the final restoration.
Recent progress includes improved self-adhesive properties, ion release, bioactivity, and aesthetic properties1.
Nanocomposites:
These optimize both esthetic and mechanical properties. They represent a balance between strength and aesthetics, making them versatile for various clinical situations2.
Self-Adhesive Resin-Based Bulk-Fill Materials:
Self-adhesive materials negate the need for tooth surface conditioning and adhesive bonding.
They are efficient for challenging situations (e.g., uncooperative patients or cases with moisture control limitations).
Research focuses on developing self-adhering bulk-fill substitutes with promising clinical potential
Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites (FRCs):
FRCs are dental materials that combine synthetic resins with fine glass fibers. These fibers enhance the mechanical properties of the composite.
Advantages of FRCs:
Aesthetics: They provide acceptable aesthetics due to their tooth-like appearance.
Non-Corrosiveness: FRCs are non-corrosive.
High Toughness: They offer improved toughness.
Metal-Free: FRCs are free from metal components.
Biocompatibility: They are biocompatible.
Tailorable: FRCs can be customized for specific dental applications1.
Types of Glass Fibers:
A-glass, C-glass, D-glass, AR-glass, S-glass, and E-glass are commonly used. All glass fibers are amorphous and composed of a three-dimensional silica network1.
Belleglass:
Belleglass is a heat- and pressure-processed polymer glass used for dental restorations.
Advantages:
Wear Resistance: Belleglass is considerably more wear-resistant than conventional light-cured composites.
Marginal Adaptation: It provides good marginal adaptat

1. Guided by : Dr. R. Ramesh Associate professor & HOD RESIN BASED COMPOSITES Guided by : Dr. R. Ramesh Professor & HOD Presented by: Arya krishnan D 23.04.2024 RESIN BASED COMPOSITES

2. SYNOPSIS Introduction Definitions Classification Indications & Contraindications Advantages & Disadvantages Composition Acid etching Polymerization shrinkage Composite wear Recent advances in composites Conclusion Reference

3. INTRODUCTION Widely used aesthetic materials Introduced to overcome the inherent shortcomings of amalgam restorative materials Dental amalgams are unesthetic and toxic. Earlier composites lack in mechanical properties to withstand the masticatory forces. Various filler particles have been added to composite resins to improve their physical and mechanical properties.

4. INTRODUCTION Filled composite resin exhibit High compressive strength Abrasion resistance Ease of application High translucency Depending on the filler size and shapes, various composites have been developed until now

5. DEFINITION STURDEVANT In material and science composite refers to a solid formed from two or more distinct phases that have been combined to produce properties superior to or intermediate to those of individual constituents Anusavice It may be defined as a component of two or more distinctly different materials with properties that are superior or intermediate to those of the individual constituents Skinners (1991) Composite is defined as “a compound of two or more distinctly different materials with properties that are superior or intermediate to those of the individual constituents.”

6. According to Sturdavent 18  Based on filler particles type: Homogeneous composites Macrofill-macrofillers are in the range of 10-100 μm Midfill-midfillers from 1-10 μ m Minifill-minifillers from 0.1-1 μ m Microfill-microfillers from 0.01-0.1 μ m Nanofill-nanofillers from 0.001-0.01 μ m CLASSIFICATION

7. CLASSIFICATION Heterogeneous Composites Hetero- Midfill Hetero- minifill Hetero- Microfill Hybrid composites Midi-Micro hybrid Mini-Micro hybrid Mini -Nano hybrid

8. CLASSIFICATION Based on matrix composition : BIS-GMA based composites UDMA based composites Based on polymerization method : Light cured composites Chemical cured composites Dual cure composites Based on viscosity : Packable composites Flowable composites

9. CONVENTIONAL MICRO FILLED HYBRID Introduction 1960s 1970s 1980s Composition Quartz, strontium, barium glass Colloidal silica Glass and colloidal silica Particle size 8-50 μm(75-80 wt%, 55-60 vol%) 0.01 μm to 0.04 μm(30-55wt%, 17-40vol%) 15-20 μ m, 0.01-0.05μ m(75-85wt%) Indications Stress bearing areas Non stress bearing areas ClassIII, IV, V, posterior restorations Advantages mechanical strength , Chemical inertness Better esthetics and polishability Less polymerization shrinkage Good physical properties Improved wear resistance Superior surface morphology Good esthetics

10. conventional microfilled hybrid Disadvantages Difficult to polish,surface roughness, staining, plaque occlusal wear, poor esthetics Chip fractures Low tensile strength Greater water sorption Radiolucent Poor wear resistance Not highly polishable,loss of gloss -abrasive Compressive strength(MPa) 250-300 250-300 300-350 Tensile strength(MPa) 50-65 30-50 70-90 Elastic modulus( GPa ) 8-15 3-6 7-12 Coefficient of thermal expansion(10-6/0C) 25-35 50-60 30-40 Knoop Hardness number(KHN) 55 5-30 50-60

11. INDICATIONS CLASS I, II, III, IV, V, CORE BUILDUPS SEALANTS AND PREVENTIVE RESIN RESTORATIONS VENEERING METAL CROWNS/BRIDGES TEMPORARY RESTORATIONS PERIODONTAL SPLINTING NON CARIOUS LESIONS COMPOSITE INLAYS ESTHETIC ENHANCEMENT PROCEDURES

12. CONTRAINDICATIONS SUBGINGIVAL AREA/ ROOT SURFACE POOR ORAL HYGIENE HIGH CARIES INDEX HABITS {BRUXISM} TEETH WITH HEAVY OR ABNORMAL OCCLUSAL STRESS

13. ADVANTAGES ESTHETICS CONSERVATIVE USED ALMOST UNIVERSALLY BONDED TO TOOTH STRUCTURE REPAIRABLE NO CORROSION NO HEALTH HAZARD

14. DISADVANTAGES POLYMERISATION SHRINKAGE TECHNIQUE SENSITIVE TIME CONSUMING HIGH COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION LOW MODULUS OF ELASTICITY STAINING COSTLY LACK OF ANTICARIOGENIC PROPERTY

15. COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION

16. COMPOSITION Matrix : Bis- dimethacrylate ,UDMA(high molecular weight) TEDGMA Inorganic fillers:30-70% of voloume or 50-80% of weight Fused quartz ,Al /Li silicates Ba,Sr , and Zn silicate (1micrometer) Ytterbium trifluoride Coupling agent:organosilane Activator initiator system Inhibitors:butylated hydroxytoluene

17. Matrix The resin matrix in most dental composites is based on a blend of aromatic and/or aliphatic dimethacrylate monomers such as- bis GMA {bisphenol-A glycidyl methacrylate}- Bowen resin, 1962 UDMA {urethane dimethacrylate }- Foster and Walker, 1974 DILUENT MONOMERS- {dilute the viscous components to attain fluidity for easy manipulation, but undergo greater polymerisation shrinkage→marginal leakage} -TEGDMA -HEMA

18. FILLERS Quartz- Was used in early composites, chemically inert. But because of its hardness, it was difficult to grind to a finer size, and was difficult to polish, causes abrasion of opposing tooth structure. Silica- Helps in scattering and light transmission. Forms– pure silica, fused silica, colloidal silica. Glasses- Aluminosilicates, borosilicates , provide radiopacity. Others- Tricalcium phosphate and zirconium dioxide Fluoride fillers- Yitterium trifluoride.

19. Filler particles are most commonly produced by grinding/milling quartz or glasses to produce particles ranging in size from 0.1-100 µm. Submicron silica particles {0.04µm} referred as microfillers are produced by pyrolytic or precipitation process . Silicon compounds are burned to produce macromolecule chains of SiO ₂.

20. FILLERS Reinforcing particles or fibres dispersed in matrix. Improves material properties Functions– Reinforcement of matrix strength, hardness. ⬇︎wear , polymerisation shrinkage by 3% ⬇︎thermal expansion and contraction ⬆︎viscosity, radiopacity ⬇︎water sorption Contributes to esthetics

21. COUPLING AGENT Bonding agent that promotes adhesion between matrix and filler. TYPES- ORGANOSILANES {ɑ- methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane } TITANATES ZIRCONATES Siloxane end bonds to hydroxyl groups on filler. Methacrylate end polymerises with resin. Soderholm K-J M and Shang S-W: Molecular orientation of silane at the surface of colloidal silica. J Dent Res 72:1050-1054, 1993

22. FUNCTIONS Bind filler particles to resin. Allow more flexible polymer matrix to transfer stresses to higher modulus {more stiffer and stronger}filler particles. Impart improved physical and mechanical properties. Inhibit leaching by preventing water from penetrating along the resin-filler interface.

23. ACTIVATOR-INITIATOR SYSTEM CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED {TWO PASTE SYSTEM} BENZOYL PEROXIDE INITIATOR AROMATIC TERTIARY AMINE ACTIVATOR {N,N, DIMETHYL-P-TOLUIDINE} When two pastes are mixed together, amine reacts with benzoyl peroxide to form free radicals, and addition polymerisation is initiated. Heat, light and some chemicals causes decomposition of benzoyl peroxide resulting in free radicals that initiate polymerisation . Hence, it is recommended that composite should be stored in cool, dark, clean environment. USES- Restoration of large foundation structures that are not easily cured with a light source.

24. B. LIGHT ACTIVATED {SINGLE PASTE} CAMPHORQUINONE PHOTOSENSITIZERS- 0.2% BY WEIGHT ORGANIC ALIPHATIC AMINE INITIATOR- DIMETHYLAMINOETHYL METHACRYLATE {DMAEMA} 0.15% BY WEIGHT -These compounds absorb light and generate free radicals. -For systems using UV light, benzoyl alkyl ester is used as initiator -For systems using visible light, diaketone such as camphorquinone is used. {BLUE LIGHT- 468 nm}

25. CURING LAMPS Handheld devices, containing light source and equipped with rigid, short light guide made up of fused optical fibres . Most widely used– quartz bulb with tungsten filament in halogen environment. Four types of lamps maybe used.

26. QUARTZ TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS- They have a quartz bulb with tungsten filament that irradiates both UV and white light, that must be filtered to remove heat and all wavelengths except those in violet- blue range 400-500 nm LED LAMP- These sources emit radiation only in the blue part of visible spectrum. 440-480 nm. Donot require fillers. Require low voltage, battery operated, generate no heat. PLASMA ARC CURING LAMPS {PAC}- Uses xenon gas which is ionised to produce plasma. High intensity white light is filtered to remove heat and allow blue light to be emitted. ARGON LASER LAMPS- Highest intensity. Emit at single wavelength. {490 nm}

27. DEPTH OF CURE AND EXPOSURE TIME Recently, QTH, PAC, Laser and LED lamps have been introduced with substantially increased intensities thus opening the possibility of reduced exposure times and/or greater depth of cure. These are highly desirable benefits that can greatly reduce restoration treatment time and associated cost to the patient. Inhibitors Butylated hydroxytoluene {BHT} 0.01% 4-methoxyphenol {PMP} Extends storage life and provides sufficient working time. These compounds are used in amounts of 0.1% or less. Optical Modifiers PIGMENTS- metal oxides OPACIFIERS- Titanium dioxide and aluminium oxide 0.001- 0.007% DARKER SHADE AND OPACIFIER- THIN LAYERS

28. POLIMERISING SHRINKAGE Polimersation shrinkage is due to resin matrix and diluent More the resin greater the shrinkage This causes marginal leakage of saliva , secondary caries , friable enamel fracture

29. POLIMERISING SHRINKAGE During polymerization, a volumetric reduction ranging from 1.5 to 3% depending on the molecular structure of the monomer, the amount of filler, and the rate of cure During polymerization, the volume of monomers is reduced, create shrinkage stresses to debond the material from dentin, thereby decreasing retention and increasing leakage. Low shrink monomers :Dimer acid ,DuPont monomer Factors influence shrinkage – Flow of the resin composite Adherence of the resin composite to the cavity wall

30. ACID ETCHING, BONDING AND CURING ACID ETCHING MATERIALS USED–

31. Increases surface area, increases surface energy to enhance wetting, and creates porous enamel-rod ends for resin penetration. Micromechanical interlocking Textbook of Operative dentistry– Nisha Garg, Amit Garg

32. B. BONDING More retentive tags are produced if an unfilled “bonding agent” resin is applied prior to application of composite. Acts as intermediary between tooth and composite

33. DENTINE BONDING AGENT GENERATIONS

34. C. CURING TWO CATEGORIES– # CONTINUOUS- UNIFORM, STEP, RAMP, HIGH ENERGY PULSE. #DISCONTINUOUS- PULSE DELAY UNIFORM–Intensity is kept uniform over time. Niha Naveed , Kishorekumar S. (2020). Curing Techniques of Composite Resin: Continuous or Intermittent?. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 14(4), 1431–1435.

35. B. STEP CURE - Intensity is increased in sudden step over time. Niha Naveed , Kishorekumar S. (2020). Curing Techniques of Composite Resin: Continuous or Intermittent?. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 14(4), 1431–1435.

36. C. RAMP CURE- Intensity is continuously increased over time Niha Naveed , Kishorekumar S. (2020). Curing Techniques of Composite Resin: Continuous or Intermittent?. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 14(4), 1431–1435.

37. Niha Naveed , Kishorekumar S. (2020). Curing Techniques of Composite Resin: Continuous or Intermittent?. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 14(4), 1431–1435. PULSE DELAY a single pulse of light is applied to a restoration, followed by a short pause, second pulse of light which has greater intensity and duration of exposure than the first one. This technique is believed to be an interrupted step increase. The lower intensity light slows the rate of polymerisation , thus allowing shrinkage to occur until the composite becomes rigid. The second pulse of greater intensity brings the composite to the final stage of polymerisation .

38. COMPOSITE WEAR Adhesive wear occur in extremely small contacts causes the material to be removed results in microscopic roughness Abrasive wear rough material removes material on the opposing surface Fatigue constant repeated force causes substructure deterioration and eventually loss of tooth structure Chemical wear wear occurs due to environmental material such as saliva, acid that affects the surface

39. RECENT ADVANCES IN COMPOSITES Self-repairing materials Antimicrobial composite Stimuli responsive composite Ormocer Fiber reinforced composites Flowable composites Indirect composite resins Bellglass HP Art glass Self adhering composites Yeli M, Kidiyoor KH, Nain B, Kumar P. Recent advances in composite resins - A review. J Oral Res Rev. 2010; 2: 8-14.

40. SELF-REPAIRING MATERIALS Epoxy-based system which contains resin-filled microcapsules. These microcapsules may be destroyed and release the resin when the epoxy resin undergoes crazing. The resin subsequently fills these cracks and reacts with a Grubb’s Catalyst that is dispersed in the epoxy composite→POLYMERISATION . Yeli M, Kidiyoor KH, Nain B, Kumar P. Recent advances in composite resins - A review. J Oral Res Rev. 2010; 2: 8-14.

41. ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITE Silver( peng et al., 2012) , Titanium particles, Immobilized antibacterial components( xie et al., 2011; imazato et al., 2012) Microbes are subsequently killed on contact with the materials or through leaching of the antimicrobial materials into the oral environment Roberson T, Heymann H O , Swift J R E J . Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier health sciences; 2006 Apr 13.

42. ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITE Silver and titania particles are commonly used into dental particles to increase antimicrobial property and enhance biocompatibility. Fatemeh k et al. (2017) reported that the adhesives incorporated with silver nanoparticles showed greater bond strength Effect of TiO 2  nanoparticles incorporation on antibacterial properties and shear bond strength of dental composite used in Orthodontics: Ahmad Sodagar ,  1  Mohamad Sadegh Ahmad Akhoundi Antimicrobial TiO 2  nanocomposite coatings for surfaces, dental and orthopaedic implants Author links open overlay panel

43. ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITE ADVANTAGES : Enhanced biocompatibility Reduces formation of secondary caries near margin of restorations due to inhibition of bacterial growth Reduced demineralization and buffering of acids produced by cariogenic microbes. DISADVANTAGE : Toxic effects of released materials Short lived antibacterial activity

44. STIMULI RESPONSIVE COMPOSITE Introduced in 1998 Smart composites PROPERTIES : Depend on external stimulus such as temperature, ph , mechanical stress, moisture, etc., Composite materials release fluoride,calcium , and hydroxyl ions into the surroundings Singh H, Kaur M, Dhillon J S , Mann J S , Kumar A. Evolution of restorative dentistry from past to present. indian journal of dental sciences. 2017 Jan 1;9(1):38.

45. STIMULI RESPONSIVE COMPOSITE These materials release when the ph is less than 5.5 Provides additional caries protection Advantages : Reduces risk of secondary caries Singh H, Kaur M, Dhillon J S , Mann J S , Kumar A. Evolution of restorative dentistry from past to present. indian journal of dental sciences. 2017 Jan 1;9(1):38.

46. ORMOCER COMPOSITION Organic and inorganic copolymers Organic- reduces polymerization shrinkage Inorganic copolymers- abrasion resistance and low water sorption due to its hydrophobicity Roberson T, Heymann H O , Swift J R E J . Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier health sciences; 2006 Apr 13.

47. ORMOCER Organically modified ceramic technology These materials were introduced in 1991 by ( cunha et al., 2003) To overcome various limitations and concerns associated with the traditional composites, it is used as a posterior composite material Roberson T, Heymann H O , Swift J R E J . Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier health sciences; 2006 Apr 13.

48. ORMOCER ADVANTAGES : Better marginal seal Large size of inorganic filler minimizes polymerization shrinkage( rosin et al 2002 ) . Incorporation of filler particles fall volumetric shrinkage from 2–8% to 1–3% when fillers are incorporated. The filler particles are 1–1.5 µm in size. 77–78 wt % of filler Roberson T, Heymann H O , Swift J R E J . Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier health sciences; 2006 Apr 13. Kalra, et al.: Ormocer: An aesthetic direct restorative material

49. FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES Glass fibers , carbon fibers polyethylene fibers , aramid fibers , etc., Are the most commonly used Oriented in different directions; unidirectional, weave type, mesh type, etc., To improve the physical and mechanical properties of composites Seçkin   Erden , Kingsley  Ho , in  Fiber Technology for Fiber -Reinforced Composites , 2017

50. FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES ADVANTAGES Improved wear resistance Improved strength and stiffness USES : Periodontal splinting Post-trauma splint Fixed partial dentures Reinforcing or repairing dentures Fixed orthodontic retainers, Root posts Reinforced biomedical implants Seçkin   Erden , Kingsley  Ho , in  Fiber Technology for Fiber -Reinforced Composites , 2017

51. Mohan M et al. (2019 ) compared the fracture toughness of fiber -reinforced composites with micro-hybrid and nano -hybrid composites. FRCs exhibited more fracture toughness compared to the other materials. Restorative materials is mostly used for posterior teeth Singh, et al.Recent advances in composite resin. international journal of scientific study. 2015 Dec;3 (9)

52. FLOWABLE COMPOSITES Less filler (0.02-.05um 60% by weight)content than hybrid with same filler size. Resin matrix was increased to reduce viscosity. But lack adequate strength to withstand high stresses. ADVANTAGES Better flow, better wettability. Superior chemical curing properties USES Pit and fissure sealant Cavity base liner Phillips R W . Skinner's science of dental materials. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1973.

53. FLOWABLE COMPOSITES Lower filler loading which would decrease the light scattering through material and provide a better degree of conversion depth. Contain a germanium based photoinitiator which is more effective and has a much higher significant compared to camphorquinone amine system REVIEW : Baoudi K et al. (2015) suggested in a systematic review that the flowable composites are the promising aesthetic restorative materials for the future and will become markedly useful material in various aesthetic restorative procedures

54. INDIRECT COMPOSITE RESINS First generation 1980s by Touti And Mormann . Inlay and onlay systems used in major clinical problems Indirect composite resin restorations exhibit superior marginal adaptation, contour, and proximal contact as it is fabricated on a die rather than directly in the cavity preparation ADVANTAGES : Wear resistance Esthetics Control over polymerization shrinkage Marginal adaptation Phillips R W . Skinner's science of dental materials. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1973. Cramer N B , Stansbury JW, Bowman C N .Recent advances and developments in composite dental restorative materials.Journal of dental research. 2011 Apr;90(4):402-16.

55. BELLGLASS HP Indirect restorative material introduced in 1996 by Belle de St. Claire. Cured under pressure(29 PSI) at an elevated temperature of 1380℃ and in the presence of nitrogen gas. ADVANTAGES- Increased rate of curing→ reduces vaporisation potential of monomer Curing in presence of Nitrogen gas→ wear resistance increased Oxygen free environment {oxygen causes delayed curing, reduced translucency}

56. ART GLASS Art glass is a nonconventional dental polymer marketed since 1999 It is widely used in inlay and onlay and crown Improved wear resistance Fillers: radio opaque barium glass ( 0.7 micrometres) and colloidal silica Xenon stroboscopic light-curing device - emission ranges from 300-500 nm used for curing of these resins Compared to traditional composites have Good marginal adaptation esthetics Better wear resistance Superior proximal contact Phillips R W . Skinner's science of dental materials. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2010.

57. SELF ADHERING COMPOSITES Combines the advantages of both dental adhesives and restorative materials technologies (8th generation) in a single product. Introduced in 2009 by (Kerr Corp). Have benefits of self etching dentin bonding agents and nanofilled composites. Require more curing time. Roberson T, Heymann H O , Swift J R E J . Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. Elsevier health sciences; 2006 Apr 13.

58. CONCLUSION The development of high-performance restorative materials is essential to the success of dental treatment but with composite resin materials, problems still exist. However, new expanding resins, nanofiller technology, and improved bonding systems have the potential to reduce these problems. With increased patient demands for esthetics, the use of composite materials for restorations will continue to grow; and so will the area of research to combat the existing limitations of composites as a restorative material.

59. REFERANCE 1. Phillips R W . Skinner's science of dental materials. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1973. 2. Kidd Ea , Fejerskov o. essentials of dental caries. oxford university press; 2016 jun 16. 3. Manuja n, Pandit ik , Srivastava N, Gugnani N, Nagpal R. Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of various esthetic restorative materials to dentin: an in vitro study. Journal of indian society of pedodontics and preventive dentistry. 2011 Jan 1;29(1):7. 4. Schulein TM. Significant events in the history of operative dentistry. J Hist dent. 2005 jul;53(2):63-72. 5. Cramer N B , Stansbury JW, Bowman C N .Recent advances and developments in composite dental restorative materials.Journal of dental research. 2011 Apr;90(4):402-16. 6. Ferracane J . Current trends in dental composites. Critical reviews in oral biology & medicine. 1995 Oct;6(4):302-18. 7. Singh H, Kaur M, Dhillon J S , Mann J S , Kumar A. Evolution of restorative dentistry from past to present. indian journal of dental sciences. 2017 Jan 1;9(1):38.

60. REFERANCE 14. Aïssa B, Therriault D, Haddad E, Jamroz W. Self-healing materials systems: overview of major approaches and recent developed technologies. Advances in materials science and engineering. 2012. 15. Singh, et al.Recent advances in composite resin. international journal of scientific study. 2015 Dec;3 (9) 16. Chatzistavrou X, Lefkelidou A, Papadopoulou , Pavlidou E, Paraskevopoulos KM, Fenno J C , Flannagan S, González- cabezas C, Kotsanos N, Papagerakis P. Bactericidal and bioactive dental composites.frontiers in physiology. 2018 Feb 16;9:103. 17. Zhang JF , Wu r, Fan y, Liao S, Wang y, Wen ZT , Xu X. Antibacterial dental composites with chlorhexidine and mesoporous silica. Journal of dental research. 2014 Dec;93(12):1283-9. 18. Singh P, Kumar N, Singh r, Kiran k, Kumar s. Overview and recent advances in composite resin: a review. Int j sci stud. 2015;3(9):169-72. 19. Meena n. Giomer -the intelligent particle (new generation glass ionomer cement). Int j dent oral health. 2015;2(4).

61. Thank you .

62. Introduced by wool and o’connor (1981) Brittle polymers and the structural composites made from them are susceptible to microcracking when subjected to repeated thermo mechanical loading. Self repairing materials has a inbuilt intrinsic mechanism to manage the microcracking before it starts affecting the integrity of the material

63. NANOCOMPOSITES Nanotechnology - components of material is reduced to nanometric scale to improve the final characteristics. Composites have 60% volume filler loading, making the nano-filled resins as strong as the hybrid and micro-hybrid resins Nanomodifiers Nanomers Increased strength Nanoclusters Increased modulus of elasticity Improved wear resistance Hardness Decreased polymerization shrinkage Enhance polishability of resin Singh, et al.Recent advances in composite resin. international journal of scientific study. 2015 Dec;3 (9)

64. NANOCOMPOSITES Nano filled, and nanohybrids are commonly available nanocomposites. Average particle size from 1-100 nm In nanohybrids 0.4 to 5 microns. The properties of these composites are size and shape determinant. These nanofillers present superior properties than nanohybrids Nano particles shows enhanced fracture toughness and adhesion to tooth tissue Singh, et al.Recent advances in composite resin. international journal of scientific study. 2015 Dec;3 (9)

65. NANOCOMPOSITES ADVANTAGES : Improved mechanical characteristics Good thermal stability Resistance to wear Increased translucency leading to surface gloss Improved handling properties Singh, et al.Recent advances in composite resin. international journal of scientific study. 2015 Dec;3 (9)