Recent research and development on medicinal mushroom cordyceps militariapptx

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1. Recent Research and Technologies on Medicinal Mushroon : Cordyceps militaris Submitted by Shreya Verma (19BAG7046) Tamanna Sharma (19BAG7033 ) SUBMITTED TO – DR. POOJA KAPOOR This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Recent Research and Developement on Medicinal Mushroom : Cordyceps militaris

2. REVIEW PAPER OVERVIEW

3. PRSENTATION GUIDE: Format of Review Paper Writing Introduction of Cordyceps militaris Taxonomy of Cordyceps militaris Morphology of C. militaris Geographical distribution of the fungus ( C.militaris ) Bio-active compounds from C. Militaris Biological activities Therapeutic effect of the fungus Research & advancements in C. Militaris References

4. REVIEW PAPER OVERVIEW ELEMENTS OF REVIEW PAPER Title: between eight to 12 words. Helping readers to decide whether they should read the text or not List of authors : Declare intellectual ownership of the work, provide contact information Abstract : Informs about the main objectives and result of the review article usually 200 to 250 words. Introduction : Provides information about the context, indicates the motivation for the review, defines the focus, the research question and explains the text structure between 10% and 20% of the core text .

5. REVIEW PAPER WRITING Body: Main Part of the Review Article • Methodological approaches • Models or theories • Extent of support for a given thesis • Chronological order Conclusions • Answer the research question set in the introduction • 5 to 10% of the core text References • A range between 50-100 references

6. INTRODUCTION Since 2000 B.C., people have been aware of the occurrence and collection of entomopathogenic fungi on arthopodes known as the Cordyceps genus 400 different species of Cordyceps. Among all the species Cordyceps militaris is considered as the oldest source of some useful chemical constituents. It was originally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Clavaria militaris . Cordyceps militaris is a potential harbour of bio-metabolites for herbal drugs and evidences are available about its applications for revetalization of various systems of the body from ancient times . .

7. CONTINUED….. Rare and valuable medical fungus that has been utilised for ages in China as a source of traditional remedies or as a biocontrol agent against pests and includes number of bioactive substances that have significant positive health effects. Medicinaluses immunomodulatory, antioxidant/antiaging, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, , anticancer properties and antibacterial. It is commonly known as Orange caterpillar Fungus.

8. Cordyceps militaris Mycological data of Cordyceps militaris Kingdom -Fungi Phylum – Ascomycoa Class – Ascomycetes/Pyrenomycetes Order – Hypocreales Family – Cordycipitaceae Genus – Cordyceps Species – Cordyceps militaris

9. Morphology of Cordyceps militaris Morphology of Cordyceps militaris Colour of fruiting body - Bright scarlet /yellow/orange fungus Host - Lepidopteran pupae Stomata - Single or several, clavate , orange Fertile part - 10–20 × 3–5 mm Perithecia - Conical, half-buried Asci - Clavate , 300–400 × 4–5 µm Asco -spores - Filiform , part spores 2–3 × 1 µm

10. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF Cordyceps militaris ASIA PACIFIC 47% NORTH AMERICA 25% EUROPE 15% % LATIN AMERICA 10% MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA 3%

11. BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS cordycepin powder Ergosterol analogs Adenosine derivatives mannitol polysaccharides peptides Fibrinolytic enzymes xanthophylls Total extract by aqueous/alcohol Cordyceps militaris

12. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF C.militaris

13. THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF Cordyceps militaris

14. Research and development on C.milita ris By using electronic microscopic tools. Two types of electron microscopic tools are transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Tools used to elucidate anamorph-teleomorph relationship of C.militaris . Examination indicates that fungus is Dominant in nature as teleomorph . Extremely expensive. Slow growth /restricted to specific areas /small size Solid culture takes longer period for fruiting body function. Researcher tuned conditions to culture this fungus such as culture chemical components, illumination, gene expression and traditional cultural condition. rapid method for fruiting body culture production are capillary electrophoresis and high performed liquid chromatography.

15. Deep ocean water increases production of C.militaris fermentative products by increasing cordycepin. the solid waste medium of C. militaris had been used for the preparation of cordycepin with high extraction efficiency and minimum solvent usage. Chemical constituents including polysaccharides, sugars, cerebroside derivatives, sterols, nucleotides, nucleosides, proteins(cyclic dipeptides and amino acid) and essential oils. In one report, authors demonstrated the isolation of ten pure compounds from C. militaris along with the evaluation of their biological activities by determining their effect on free radical NO and cytokines(TNF- and IL-12) production. Among the isolated compounds cordycepin, ergosterol, 3,4-O-isopropylidene-d-mannitol, d-mannitol and ergosterol peroxide showed the most potent activity through inhibiting inflammatory mediators production and human cancer cell proliferation. Our group reported the purification of cerebroside, nucleotides and sterols from C. militaris fruiting bodies . The anti inflammatory activity of the isolated compounds was demonstrated by their inhibitory effect on the accumulation of pro-inflammatory iNOS protein and the reduction of COX-2 protein expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. This was the firststudy reporting the isolation of cerebrosides with antiinflammatory activity from this TCM.

16. Another study reported the identification of nonvolatile components of C. militaris fruiting bodies and mycelia . The concentrations of the free amino acids in C. militaris fruiting bodies differed from mycelia. In a descending order, glutamic acid, cysteine, lysine, arginine and tyrosine were the major amino acids in the fruiting bodies. The order differed in mycelia with tyrosine as the major amino acid followed by lysine, cysteine and arginine. In general, these previous reports revealed that the chemical content and biological activities of C. militaris cultured products differed with the culture conditions suggesting that uniform conditions are essential for stable products profile.

17. R eference A. De Bary, H.E.F. Garnsey, I.B. Balfour, Comparative Morphology and Biology of the Fungi, Mycetozoa and Bacteria, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1887. R. Zare , W. Gams, A revision of Verticillium section prostrata . IV. the genera Lecanicillium and Simplicillium gen. nov , Nova Hedwig. 73 (2001) 1–50. L. Shih, K.L. Tsai, C. Hsieh, Effects of culture conditions on the mycelial growth and bioactive metabolite production in submerged culture ofCordyceps militaris , Biochem . Eng. J. 33 (2007) 193–201. L. Lim, C. Lee, E. Chang, Optimization of solid state culture conditions for the production of adenosine cordycepin, and d-mannitol in fruiting bodies of medicinal caterpillar fungus Cordyceps militaris ( L.:Fr .) link (Ascomycetes), Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 14 (2012) 181–187. H.Y. Lin, S.Y. Tsai, Y.L. Tseng, C.P. Lin, Gamma irradiation for improving functional ingredients and determining the heat treatment conditions 84 C.-P. Chiu et al. / Food Science and Human Wellness 5 (2016) 177–185 of Cordyceps militaris mycelia, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim . 120 (2015) 439–448. T. Lian, T. Yang, G. Liu, J. Sun, C. Dong, Reliable reference gene selection for Cordyceps militaris gene expression studies under different developmental stages and media, FEMS Microbiol . Lett. 356 (2014) 97–104. T. Jiapeng , L. Yiting , Z. Li, Optimization of fermentation conditions and purification of cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris , Prep. Biochem . Biotechnol . 44 (2014) 90–106.

18. K. Rao, C.H. Chou, Y.M. Tzeng, A simple and rapid method for identification and determination of cordycepin in Cordyceps militaris by capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Chim . Acta 566 (2006) 253–258. Y.P. Hung, J.J. Wang, B.L. Wei, C.L. Lee, Effect of the salts of deep ocean water on the production of cordycepin and adenosine of Cordyceps militaris -fermented product, AMB Express 5 (2015) 140. F.C. Wu, Y.L. Chen, S.M. Chang, L. Shih, Cultivation of medicinal caterpillar fungus, Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes), and production of cordycepin using the spent medium from levan fermentation, Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 15 (2013) 393–405. Y.K. Rao, S.H. Fang, W.S. Wu, Y.M. Tzeng, Constituents isolated from Cordyceps militaris suppress enhanced inflammatory mediator’s production and human cancer cell proliferation, J. Ethnopharmacol . 131 (2010) 363–367. C.P. Chiu, S.C. Liu, C.H. Tang, Y. Chan, M. El- Shazly , C.L. Lee, Y.C. Du, T.Y. Wu, F.R. Chang, Y.C. Wu, Anti-inflammatory cerebrosides from cultivatedCordyceps militaris,J . Agric. FoodChem . 64 (2016) 1540–1548. S.J. Huang, S.Y. Tsai, Y.L. Lee, J.L. Mau, Nonvolatile taste components of fruit bodies and mycelia of Cordyceps militaris , LWT: Food Sci. Technol. 39 (2006) 577–583.