Regional Environmental Governance and Disaster Relief.pptx

Regional Organizations

1. Regional Environmental Governance and Disaster Relief Lecture 12 12.26.2020 1

2. Environment and Development: The Basic Issues Environmental issues affect, and are affected by, economic development Classic market failures lead to too much environmental degradation Poverty and lack of education may also lead to non-sustainable use of environmental resources Global warming and attendant climate change is a growing concern in developing countries

3. Regional Environmental Governance and Disaster Relief This form of regional governance is instrumental in handling environmental problems and natural disasters. Global institutions such as UN organs and agencies have long been perceived as more powerful and capable norm-enforcers than regional organizations in the area of environmental protection. As a complement to global environmental agencies, however, regional organizations have recently started to crucially address environmental threats and disaster relief, although most have been Western organizations that have yielded varying degrees of success. 3

4. One such case is NAFTA. A side agreement called the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), which led to the formation of a Commission for Environmental Cooperation, was incorporated into NAFTA in 1994 to combat unprecedented environmental damage caused by the free trade among three contracting parties. However, its track record in coping with the environmental degradation and protection was mixed at best. 4

5. The EU has also been active in environmental regionalism by setting high standards and developing effective policies and strong institutions, such as the Environment Directorate, which have made decision-making in this field immensely complex. These standards have also been part of membership conditionality for aspiring Central and Eastern European states. 5

6. As for disaster relief, NATO responded to the devastating earthquake in Pakistan in 2005 by supplying aid and dispatching medical teams and engineers to the country on its request. This was definitely another non-Article 5 mission for the alliance. In Asia, ASEAN imitated the EU’s disaster management mechanism in coping with the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, while SAARC’s Disaster Management Center was introduced in 2006. In the Western hemisphere, OAS set up an Inter-American Committee on Natural Disaster Reduction in the early 1990s. 6

7. Region Initiative Status Pacific - Madang Framework for Action for Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disaster, 2005-2015 - Endorsed by leaders at the Pacific Islands Forum, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, October 2005 Europe - EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement Ministerial Session November 2006 (political support of the HFA implementation in Agreements, adoption of an Medium Term Plan for the Agreement) LAC - Andean Community: CAPRADE/PREDECAN Central America: Regional Plan for Disaster Reduction in Central America (1993) Caribbean: ACS and CDERA Inter-american context: OAS - LAC Ministerial Conference 2007 Regional Consultations & Strategies

8. Environmental Organizations It is an organization coming out of the conservation or environmental movements that seeks to protect, analyze or monitor the environment against misuse or degradation from human forces Environment may refer to the natural environment or the artificial environment The organization may be a charity, a trust, a non-governmental organization or a government organization Environmental organizations can be global, national, regional or local. 8

9. Various environmental organizations Intergovernmental organizations Government organization Nongovernment organization International Country specific 9

10. Intergovernmental organizations United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) [1988] World Bank - Environment and natural resources management International Energy Agency (IEA) Earth System Governance Project [2009] Global Environment Facility  [1991] 10

11. Intergovernmental organizations International Maritime Organization A special program under UN founded in 1948 Bring the regulation of the safety of shipping into an international framework Regional fishery management organizations (RFMOs) International organization dedicated to the sustainable management of fishery resources in a particular region of international waters, or of highly migratory species . 11

12. International Treaties United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): 1992. To stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system Legally no-binding Updates are the protocols Annex I countries: industrialized countries and economies in transition Annex II countries: developed countries which pay for costs of developing countries Non Annex I countries: Developing countries. 12

13. Kyoto Protocol (1997) Brown = Countries that have signed and ratified the treaty               (Annex I & II countries in dark brown) Blue = No intention to ratify at this stage. Dark blue = Canada, which withdrew from the Protocol in December 2011. Grey = no position taken or position unknown 13

14. International Treaties Stockholm Conference in 1972: UN's first major conference on international environmental issues Montreal Protocol 1987: Designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone depleting chemicals. 14

15. Montreal Protocol 1987 The main provisions Requirement for individual countries to phase out the production and consumption of designated substances A multilateral fund into which industrialized countries could contribute funds that would be used to help developing countries achieve the control measures specified in the agreement A provision for trade restrictions in designated ozone-depleting chemicals. Also bans trade in products containing these substances. 15

16. Designing International Environmental Agreements Transboundary pollutant: CFCs, CO2 Issues: Has to be self-enforcing Sufficiently appealing for the initial agreement Similar to cartel Self-enforcing Voluntary participation Effective restriction on output Basic characteristics Cheating and nonparticipation deterred Individually rational Environmentally improving 16

17. Government organization U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [1970] Department of Energy [1977] Fish and Wildlife Service (Department of Interior) [1871] Forest Service (Department of Agriculture) [1876] E.U. European Environment Agency China Ministry of Environmental Protection Arizona Arizona Department of Environmental Quality 17

18. Nongovernmental Organization The Nature Conservancy [1951] preserve diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need. It’s the largest environmental nonprofit by assets and by revenue . World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) [1961] Working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment World's largest independent conservation organization with over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries. Greenpeace [1971] Known for its direct actions and has been described as the most visible environmental organization in the world. 18

19. US nonprofit organizations Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES), formerly Pew Center on Global Climate Change  providing credible information, straight answers, and innovative solutions in the effort to address global climate change, top environmental think tank Resources For the Future (RFF) [1952] conducts independent research into environmental, energy, and natural resource issues, primarily via economics and other social sciences. Widely recognized as a pioneer in the field of environmental economics. 19

20. US nonprofit organizations Unions of Concerned Scientists (UCS) [1969] initiate a critical and continuing examination of governmental policy in areas where science and technology are of actual or potential significance Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) [1967] issues including global warming, ecosystem restoration, oceans, and human health. It is nonpartisan, and its work often advocates market-based solutions to environmental problems. Sierra Club [1892] To explore, enjoy, and protect the wild places of the earth; To practice and promote the responsible use of the earth's ecosystems and resources; To educate and enlist humanity to protect and restore the quality of the natural and human environment; and to use all lawful means to carry out these objectives. 20

21. Environmental Organizations 25-05-2019 History Founded on 28 May 1892 in San Francisco, California, Sierra Club was one of the first large-scale environmental preservation organizations in the world. Issues Some of the environmental issues that are of interest to environmental organizations are pollution, waste, resource depletion, human overpopulation and climate change.

22. Is an agency of the united nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all Its Latin motto, fiat panis : "let there be bread " Formation: 16 October 1945, in Quebec City, Canada Headquarters: Palazzo FAO, Rome, Italy Food And Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2 5 - 5 - 2 019 En v ir onme nta l Or g anizat ions 5

23. Global Environment Facility (GEF) Founded: October, 1991 Location: Washington, District of Columbia, USA Provides grants for projects related to biodiversity, climate change, land degradation, the ozone layer, and persistent organic pollutants. The GEF also serves as financial mechanism for the following conventions: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Minamata Convention on Mercury Environmental Organizations 6

24. Also called the law of the sea convention or the law of the sea treaty , is the international agreement that resulted from the third united nations conference on the law of the sea (UNCLOS III), 1973 and 1982 The law of the sea convention defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources UNCLOS came into force in 1994 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) 25-05-2019 Environmental Organizations 7

25. It is a convention to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programmes that incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements The only convention came from a direct recommendation of the Rio conference's agenda 21,was adopted in Paris, France on 17 June 1994 and entered into force in December 1996 To help publicise this convention, 2006 was declared "international year of deserts and desertification ” United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 25-05-2019 Environmental Organizations 8

26. United Nations Environment Programme Founded: June 1972 ,Maurice Strong Headquarters: Gigiri neighbourhood of Nairobi, Kenya UNEP has overall responsibility for environmental problems among United Nations agencies but talks on addressing global warming are overseen by the Bonn-based Secretariat of the UNFCCC Its activities cover a wide range of issues regarding the atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, environmental governance and green economy It has played a significant role in developing international environmental conventions, promoting environmental science and information It helps in implementation of policies with national governments, regional institutions in conjunction with environmental non- governmental organizations (NGOs) 2 5 - 5 - 2 19 Environmental Organizations 9

27. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC) Founded: Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro 3 to 14 June 1992, then entered into force on 21 March 1994. Objective : stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was concluded and established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in the period 2008-2012 One of the first tasks set by the UNFCCC was for signatory nations to establish national greenhouse gas inventories of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals 25-05-2019 Environmental Organizations 10

28. Founded :1873. Established :1950 Headquarter: Geneva Switzerland WMO became the specialised agency of the United Nations for meteorology (weather and climate) operational hydrology geophysical sciences . World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) 25-05-2019 En v ir onme nta l Or g anizat ions 11

29. Established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) IPCC reports cover the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation The IPCC does not carry out its own original research, nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC) 25-05-2019 En v ir onme nta l Or g anizat ions 12

30. Functions of environmental non-governmental organizations To develop civic and environmental consequences among the public To educate the students about the pollution problem and the harmful effect of pollution To describe and discuss the common characteristics of environmental issues in the given socio-economic, socio- cultural, political and ecology To act as a catalyst in bringing about local initiative and community participation in overall improvement in quality of life

31. Sierra Club: Founded in 1892, With over 1.3 million members, this organization is one of the most effective and powerful at effecting changes in government and corporate America. Fighting for the preservation of land and forest, clean air and water, and a host of other issues, the Sierra Club is well-known and respected World Wildlife Fund: They are committed to reversing the degradation of planet’s natural environment and to building a future in which human needs are met in harmony with nature. Headquarters: Gland, Switzerland Founded: 29 April 1961, Morges , Switzerland They recognize the critical relevance of human numbers, poverty and consumption patterns to meeting these goals 32

32. Greenpeace: Began in 1971 when a group of activists put themselves directly in order to protest nuclear testing off the coast of Alaska. The organization has helped to stop whaling, nuclear testing, as well as leading efforts to protect Antarctica. National Wildlife Federation: Founded: February 1936 Headquarters: Virginia, United States Is dedicated to preserving animals in the United States and works with local agencies in the 48 contiguous state, founded by a cartoonist named Jay Darlin in 1936. 33

33. Friends of the Earth groups Headquarters: Amsterdam, Netherlands Founded: 1969 The Friends of the Earth in each country are themselves many-tiered networks reaching from individual activists up to the national pressure group which campaigns for environmentally progressive and sustainable policies. The groups and activists carry out educational and research activities. 34

34. Natural Resources Defense Council Founded: 1970 in New York. NRDC works to safeguard the earth—its people, its plants and animals, and the natural systems on which all life depends. 35

35. Disaster Risk Management and Link to Climate Change Adaptation

36. Background on International Collaboration in Climate Variability and Change WMO initiated the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP, together with UNESCO and ICSU) in 1980 international scientific research, underpins IPCC reports WMO and UNEP established IPCC in 1988 IPCC Assessment Reports: 1990, 1995, 2001 and 2007 UNFCCC entered into force in 1994 as a mechanism facilitating international negotiation Under “One UN concept” and through initiative of UNSG, UN agencies provide coordinated support for climate change The Gateway to the UN System's Work on Climate Change ( http://www.un.org/climatechange ) was launched in 2006

37. Humanitarian Reform for Improved Disaster Risk Management in a Changing Climate Near 40 international agencies involved (e.g., OCHA, IFRC) From post disaster response to early action and early response Contingency planning Increased emergency aid Fast, fair, flexible, appropriate aid Reduced vulnerability and future risks of disasters "In coming decades, changes in our environment and the resulting upheavals — from droughts to inundated coastal areas to loss of arable land — are likely to become a major driver of war and conflict." Ban Ki Moon, 2 March 2007

38. Development Communities Response to Improve Disaster Risk Management in a Changing Climate Global Environment Facility Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (World bank) + others under development

39. Conclusions New paradigm in DRM New Challenges New Opportunities New Developments Much to be done to develop national capacities in DRM …. Need for strengthened collaboration and coordination among all sectors at international to local levels…. Need for developments of effective programmes, expertise, institutional capacities, tools and methodologies, training programmes, etc