Reinforcement theory

Reinforcement theory

1. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

2. Group Members (5 th ) Ammara Batool. Munawar Sultana Palvasha Gilani.

3. Learning Objectives Reinforcement theory. Behavior modification: Positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement. Extinction. Punishment. Social learning theory. Processes: Symbolic processes. Observational learning. Self control.

4. The worker’s behavior due to consequences in the environment. Law of effect. Theoretical basis for manipulating consequences. Behaviors having pleasant or positive consequences are most likely to be repeated. and the behavior having unpleasant or negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated. Definition

5. Principles governing reinforcement. Law of contingent reinforcement. The reward must be delivered only if the desired behavior is exhibited. Law of immediate reinforcement. The reward must be given as soon as possible after the desired behavior is exhibited.

6. Behavior modification: Four types of reinforcements are available for managers. Positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement. Extinction. Punishment. The technical term for these processes is called operant conditioning.

7. Positive reinforcement . “The administration of positive consequences to increase the desired behavior ”. Praise and pray (stimuli). Positive rewards lead to Repetition of desired behavior A reward is a positive reinforce only if the behavior improves.

8. Negative reinforcement. Also known as avoidance. “Provision of unpleasant stimuli so that an employee demonstrates the desired behavior in order to stop the disagreeable stimuli”. Focuses on increasing behavior.

9. Drawbacks (Negative reinforcement) Negative feelings for manager. Worker may switch to low performer.

10. Punishment. “A technique that involves providing negative consequences in order to decrease or discourage a behavior.” Example: By criticizing unwanted behavior. Suspending an individual without pay. Different from negative reinforcement .

11. Extinction. (disappearance) “It  is a means to stop someone from performing a learned behavior.”  An attempt to extinguish a behavior by withholding the positive reinforcement that encouraged the behavior. 

12. Definition: “Learning occurs through the continuous interactions of people behavior, various personal factors and environmental factors”. Combines the elements of both cognitive and reinforcement approaches.

13. Processes: Symbolic processes. Observational learning. Self control.

14. Symbolic process: Use of words and images for learning behavior. “Various ways people use verbal and imagined symbols to process and store experiences in representational forms.” It incorporates “Self-efficiency”. E P

15. Symbolic process: Confidence on one’s capabilities. Can be explained by observing the level of goals, tasks, efforts and persistence.

16. Observational learning “People’s ability to learn new behaviors and/or assess their probable consequences by observing others.” Individuals do not have to perform to learn about consequences. “The process of observing and attempting to imitate the behavior of others is called Modeling”.

17. Stages of modeling: Attention stage: People select a model for observation because of the perception of model’s success and skills. Retention stage: People retain information about behavior. Reproduction stage: Try to reproduce same behavior. Motivation: Motivated to adapt same behavior.

18. Self control: (Self-regulation) “It is the ability of an individual to exercise control over ones own behavior by setting standards and providing consequences.” It enhances performance.

19. Behavior Aim Stimuli Applied Positive Increase desired behavior Pay raise and praise. Repetition of desired behavior Negative Increase desired behavior Unpleasant stimuli. Before involvement in undesirable behavior Extinction Punishment Decrease undesirable behavior Unpleasant stimuli. After demonstration in undesirable behavior Summary (Reinforcement)

20. Summary (Social learning) Processes Short points. Symbolic process: Use of words and images for learning behavior. Observational learning Learning from other person’s behavior without doing any thing. Self control Rewards and punishments on one’s own action.

21. Reference Chapter # 6 “LEADING”, Topic = “REINFORCEMENT THEORY”. Pg # = 55-57, book = MARKETING AND MANAGEMENT by “Dr. Nadeem Irfan Bukhari ”. Michael K.McCuddy , Valpraiso University. study.com/.../reinforcement-theory-in-the-workplace-definition-examples-quiz.html

22. Ch# 6