Relational Database Management System.pptx

RDBMS Notes for the engineering students

1. Relational Database Management System Dr. Sandeep Gaikwad Unit I: Introduction to database

2. Introduction of Teaching Scheme 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 2 Unit I: Introduction to Database Hours: 10 Data: Types, Organization and Applications, Database: Definition, Evolution, Database Management: Structure, Limitations of traditional file processing systems, Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS, Users of DBMS.

3. Outline of presentation 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 3 Introduction of Teaching scheme Syllabus discussion Evaluation Reference Materials Unit 1

4. Evaluation 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 4 Unit test Assignments Case study Quiz Attendance Class Behavior

5. Core Books 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 5 1. Fundamentals of Database systems by Navate 2. Database system Concept by Sudarshan & Korth . 3. Introduction to Database System by C J Date 4. Relational Database Management by Ivan Bayross

6. RDBMS presentation 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 6 Unit I Introduction to Database Hours 02 Data: Types, Organization and Applications, Database: Definition, Evolution, Database Management: Structure, Limitations of traditional file processing systems, Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS, Users of DBMS.

7. What is Data? 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 7 Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner, which should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by human or electronic machine.

8. Data…. 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 8

9. How data is stored 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 9 Computers represent data, including video, images, sounds and text, as binary values using patterns of just two numbers: 1 and 0.

10. First hard disk 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 10 The first hard disk drive, like so many innovations in computing, came from IBM. It was called the IBM Model 350 Disk File and was a huge device. It had 50 24-inch disks contained inside a cabinet that was as large as a cupboard and anything but lightweight. This hulk of a storage unit could store a whopping 5MB of data. the machine could execute 5,000 instructions per second, a capability that made it a thousand times faster than the electromechanical calculators of the day. (An iPhone 6, by contrast, can zip through 25 billion instructions per second.) https://www.pingdom.com/blog/amazing-facts-and-figures-about-the-evolution-of-hard-disk-drives/ Price: $3,000 .

11. Now Days…. 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 11 VS

12. Data Types 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 12 Computer systems work with different types of digital data. In the early days of computing, data consisted primarily of text and numbers, but in modern-day computing, there are lots of different multimedia data types, such as audio, images, graphics and video.

13. Analog vs. Digital Data 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 13 There are two general ways to represent data: analog and digital. Analog data are continuous. They are 'analogous' to the actual facts they represent. Digital data are discrete, broken up into a limited number of elements. Nature is analog, while computers are digital. Many aspects of our natural world are continuous in nature. For example, think of the spectrum of colors. This is a continuous rainbow of an infinite number of shades.

14. Data & its type 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 14 All data are stored in binary digits, and there is a limit to how much data we can represent. For example, a color image on a computer has a limited number of colors - the number might be very large, but it is still finite.

15. Character Strings 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 15 One of the most basic data types is plain text. In database terminology, this is referred to as a character string, or simply a string. A string represents alphanumeric data. This means that a string can contain many different characters, but that they are all considered as if they were text and not put into calculations, even if the characters are numbers. Consider the following database table:

16. Numeric Data Types 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 16 The second most important data type is numeric data. As a general rule, you store numbers only as a numeric data type if they represent a count or measurement of some kind and if it makes sense to perform calculations with them. A ZIP code is a number assigned to a geographic area by the postal service. It would not make much sense to determine the average value for multiple ZIP codes. There are several different types of numeric data. An integer is a numeric value without a decimal. Integers are whole numbers and can be positive or negative A number with a decimal is referred to as a decimal, a float or a double. The terminology varies somewhat with the software being used.

17. Boolean Data 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 17 The Boolean data type can only represent two values: true or false. Typically, a zero is used to represent false and a one is used to represent true. In the example table of students, the field Financial Aid is stored as a Boolean, since a student is classified as having financial aid or not.

18. Date and Time 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 18 Dates and times have their own data type to distinguish them from numeric data. There are many different ways to format dates and times. Some common ways to format dates are: YYYY-MM-DD - for example 2012-04-01 Month/Day/Year - for example 4/1/2012 Day of the week, month and day, year - for example Sunday, April 1, 2012 Some common ways to format time are: HH:MM:SS AM/PM - for example 2:45:31 PM HH:MM:SS - for example 14:45:31 Once a database table has been created using date or time as the data type, you can typically display the values in different ways.

19. image 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 19 An image, digital image, or still image is a binary representation of visual information, such as drawings, pictures, graphs, logos, or individual video frames. Digital images can be saved electronically on any storage device. The following example image is of an Intel Pentium CPU. In this example, a digital camera was used to take the photograph, and then the text was added using photo editing software to create an image Images are stored on computers in bitmap or vector form. Resolution is a measurement of sampling density, resolution of bitmap images give a relationship between pixel dimensions and physical dimensions. The most often used measurement is ppi , pixels per inch

20. Image 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 20 As can be seen in the above image, Pixel(A) has value (255, 0, 255) and is determined by the combination of intensities stored in the red colour plane, green colour plane and blue colour plane respectively. Similarly, pixel(B) has value (127, 255, 0) and is determined in the same manner as pixel(A). Colour planes of RGB image: Consider an RGB image array ‘I’ then, I(:, :, 1) represents the Red colour plane of the RGB image I(:, :, 2) represents the Green colour plane of the RGB image I(:, :, 3) represents the Blue colour plane of the RGB image

21. RGB image 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 21 an RGB image is basically a M*N*3 array of colour pixel, where each colour pixel is associated with three values which correspond to red, blue and green colour component of RGB image at a specified spatial location. So, the colour of any pixel is determined by the combination of the red, green, and blue intensities stored in each colour plane at the pixel’s location. Here each colour plane is a M*N array.

22. 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 22

23. Database 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 23 The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve, insert and delete the data efficiently. It is also used to organize the data in the form of a table, schema, views, and reports, etc.

24. Database 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 24 The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve, insert and delete the data efficiently. It is also used to organize the data in the form of a table, schema, views, and reports, etc.

25. Database Management System 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 25 Database management system is a software which is used to manage the database. For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial database which is used in different applications. DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation, storing data in it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more. It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of multiple users, it also maintains data consistency.

26. Evolution of DBMS 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 26 1950’s and early 1960’s In 1950s magnetic tape was introduced for storage of data The data storage process consists of reading data from many tapes and writing of data to a new tape. For input, process punched cards used, and for output, the printer was used. 1970’s-72’s This gave a new concept about the database. He disconnects the schema of a logical organization of a database from physical storage methods. It was also helpful in the development of SQL/DS. Two major relational database system prototypes were created between the years 1974 and 1977, and they were the Ingres, which was developed at UBC, and System R, created at IBM San Jose.

27. 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 27 1976 P-Chen introduces a new database model known as  ER Entity-Relationship. This design is basically made to focus on data applications. It gave another important insight into the conceptual data model. Such a higher level molding allows the designers to focus on the data instead of a logical structure. Early 1980’s SQL(Structured Query Language) became standard. IBM launched DB2. The development of the IBM PC gave rise to many DB companies and products such as RIM , OS/2, PARADOX, RBASE, Database Management System also introduce in this period. The relational database system became a success as rapid increase in computer sales. This increased the popularity of the network and hierarchical database models. Evolution of DBMS

28. Data…. 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 28 Early 1990’s In early 1990s much work was done on client tools for application as development such as PowerBuilder. VB (Microsoft), Oracle Developer. The client-server model for computing became the norm for future business decisions. The work on the object database system also started in this year. The more complex database system was introduced at high prices.in this year new client tools for application development were introduced. A number of tools for personal productivity such as ODBC and Excel/Access were also developed. Mid 1990’s The usable internet /WWW was introduced in the middle of this year.it allows remote access to the computer systems. The concept of Web/DB started to grow. The advancement in the database system was started. Average desktops users began to use the client-server database.

29. Data…. 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 29 Late 1990’s In the late 1990s, the online business was increased resulting in a rise in demand for internet database connectors like Active server page, Jave Servlets, FrontPage, Dream Weaver. Enterprise Java Beans, Oracle Developer 2000 etc.in this year internet companies worked for Web/Internet connectors. The open-source solutions came online with online analytic processing (OLAP) come of age with many merchants using point-of-sale (POS) technology on a daily basis.

30. Data…. 24 August 2024 Sandeep Gaikwad 30 Early 21 st  Century The growth of DB applications continued in the early 21 st  century. The more interactive application appeared with the use of PDAs. The main companies that predominated the large DB market are IBM.Microsoft and oracle. Today Today’s database is used anywhere in our day to day life. In the present day, there are many new players in the non-relational database space offering particular solutions. Many powerful technologies is introduces in the database. The database is very helpful in every field to keep records save. The quick base is an online database on a relational database that gives users of any skill level the ability to create custom applications using the power of the relational database.