Reliability and Accuracy of Indoor Warehouse Navigation Using Augmented Reality

The primary research question in the article is:
“How reliable and accurate is indoor warehouse navigation using augmented reality (AR) and inertial sensors commonly found in smartphones?”

The research objective of the study is to
assess the reliability of AR-based navigation
evaluate the accuracy of reaching targets within a warehouse
identify challenges and potential improvements

1. Reliability and Accuracy of Indoor Warehouse Navigation Using Augmented Reality Presentation by: Yadhukrishnan Namboothiri M K Roll no : 50 IT Department, VJCET Seminar guide: Mrs. Rekhil M. Kumar Assistant Professor IT Department, VJCET Department Of Information Technology 1

2. Presentation Outline Introduction - Augmented Reality; AR versus VR Research Objective Indoor Warehouse Navigation using Augmented Reality (AR) Methodology AR Development Tools Mobile application Key Findings Challenges and limitation Conclusion References

3. Augmented Reality (AR) Definition:  AR is a technology that overlays digital information onto the real world, enhancing a user’s perception of their environment. Key Features:  Combines real and virtual worlds, real-time interaction, and accurate 3D registration of virtual and real objects. Applications:  Widely used in industries like education, gaming, healthcare, manufacturing, and commerce. Key technology in Industry 4.0. Enhances navigation and operational efficiency in industrial settings.

4. Department Of Information Technology 2 AR versus VR Augmented Reality versus Virtual Reality Environment: AR enhances the real world, while VR creates a new, fully virtual environment. Interaction: AR allows interaction with both real and virtual elements, whereas VR is confined to the virtual space. Equipment: AR can be accessed with everyday devices like smartphones, while VR requires specialised headsets.

5. Research Objective The primary research question in the article is: “How reliable and accurate is indoor warehouse navigation using augmented reality (AR) and inertial sensors commonly found in smartphones?” The research objective of the study is to a ssess the reliability of AR-based navigation e valuate the accuracy of reaching targets within a warehouse i dentify challenges and potential improvements

6. Department Of Information Technology 3 Indoor Warehouse Navigation using Augmented Reality (AR) How AR Navigation Works in Warehouses? AR Glasses /Headsets. Digital Maps and Routing. Real-time Data Object Recognition Key Features: Real-Time Guidance: Provides real-time directions and visual cues to navigate through the warehouse. Increased Efficiency: Reduces time spent searching for items and improves overall operational efficiency. User-Friendly Interface: Easy-to-use interface accessible via smartphones or AR glasses.

7. Department Of Information Technology 4 The research focuses on a medium-sized warehouse to address challenges such as disorientation and pathfinding errors in picking processes, which are prevalent due to increasing warehouse sizes and complexity. Participants were tasked with navigating to predefined targets using the AR system The study measured the success rate of reaching targets and the accuracy of navigation , defined as the deviation from the target location Tools and Technologies AR Development Tools : The study utilised standard AR development tools such as ARCore , AR Foundation, and ZXing for validation. Mobile Application : A mobile application was developed using Unity3D, a popular game development platform, to implement the AR navigation system. METHODOLOGY

8. Department Of Information Technology 5 The study leveraged several standard AR development tools to create and validate the augmented reality navigation system: AR Development Tools ARCore : developed by Google platform for building augmented reality experiences on Android devices uses the device’s camera and sensors to understand the environment and place digital objects within it provides essential features like motion tracking, environmental understanding, and light estimation AR Foundation : a framework provided by Unity allows developers to build cross-platform AR applications integrates ARCore (for Android) and ARKit (for iOS) into a single API, enabling the development of AR experiences that work on both platforms ZXing : an open-source barcode image-processing library In the context of this study, ZXing was used for validation purposes, likely to scan and decode barcodes or QR codes within the warehouse environment. This functionality can help in identifying and locating items, enhancing the overall navigation experience.

9. Department Of Information Technology 6 To implement the AR navigation system, the researchers developed a mobile application using Unity3D: Unity3D: widely used game development platform supports the creation of both 2D and 3D applications ideal for developing complex AR applications allows developers to create interactive and immersive experiences Application Development: designed to provide real-time navigation assistance within the warehouse utilised the AR capabilities provided by ARCore and AR Foundation application guided users to specific targets within the warehouse, using visual cues and directions displayed on the smartphone screen. User Interface: The interface displayed navigation instructions, target locations, and other relevant information, ensuring a smooth and efficient navigation experience. Mobile application

10. Department Of Information Technology 9 METHODOLOGY DESIGN

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16. Key Findings Success Rate: The study achieved an 83% success rate in guiding users to their intended targets within the warehouse using the AR navigation system demonstrates the reliability of AR for indoor navigation. Accuracy: The average accuracy of the AR navigation system was found to be 0.48 meters This indicates that the system can guide users to within half a meter of their target, showcasing its precision in a warehouse setting. Human Factors: The study highlighted the importance of addressing human factors in warehouse navigation. Issues such as disorientation and errors in pathfinding were common, emphasising the need for user-friendly and intuitive navigation aids.

17. Department Of Information Technology 15 Challenges Identified: Lighting Conditions: The performance of the AR navigation system was affected by varying lighting conditions within the warehouse. Poor lighting could lead to navigation failures or reduced accuracy. Navigation Failures: Some instances of navigation failures were observed, often due to sensor inaccuracies or environmental factors such as obstacles and layout changes. Challenges and Limitations

18. Department Of Information Technology 1 7 The primary goal of the application is to simplify and speed up warehouse navigation, especially for new users, and to aid in order picking and preparation. The findings suggest that AR has significant potential to improve warehouse operations by enhancing navigation efficiency and accuracy . The technology can reduce the time spent searching for items and minimise errors , leading to increased productivity. Despite focusing on optimizing user interface and precision, current inertial sensor-based accuracy is limited to 83%, which is below the desired 99% for practical use. Future improvements should focus on better position determination, adapting to lighting conditions, and integrating technologies like Vuforia’s Area Target, UWB, RFID, or SLAM. Overall, the study concludes that with ongoing advancements in AR technology, there is potential for broader adoption of AR navigation systems in various industrial settings . This could lead to more streamlined and efficient warehouse operations. CONCLUSION

19. Department Of Information Technology 1 8 REFERENCES [1] Y.-C. Tseng, M.-S. Pan and Y.-Y. Tsai, "Wireless sensor networks for emergency navigation", Computer, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 55-62, Jul. 2006. [2] J. Ahn and R. Han, "Indoor augmented-reality evacuation system for the smartphone using personalized pedometry ", Human Centric Comput . Inf. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 18, Nov. 2012. [3] Q. Li, M. De Rosa and D. Rus, "Distributed algorithms for guiding navigation across a sensor network", Proc. 9th Annu. Int. Conf. Mobile Comput . Netw . ( MobiCom ), pp. 313-325, Sep. 2003. [4] W. Narzt , G. Pomberger , A. Ferscha et al., "Augmented reality navigation systems", Universal Access in the Information Society, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 177-187, 2006. [5] G. H. Nam, H. S. Seo, M. S. Kim, Y. K. Gwon , C. M. Lee and D. M. Lee, "AR-based evacuation route guidance system in indoor fire environment", Proc. 25th Asia– PacificConf . Commun . (APCC), pp. 316-319, Nov. 2019.

20. Department Of Information Technology 19 REFERENCES( cont …) [6] J. Bartholdi and S. Hackmann , "Warehouse and distribution science release 0.89", Georgia Institute of Technology Tech. Rep., January 2009. [7] Patrick Benavidez and Mo Jamshidi , "Mobile robot navigation and target tracking system", System of Systems Engineering ( SoSE ) 2011 6th International Conference on, pp. 299-304, 2011. [8] Gianluca Antonelli, Stefano Chiaverini and Giuseppe Fusco, "A fuzzy-logic-based approach for mobile robot path tracking", IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 15, no.2, pp. 211-221, 2007. [9] G. Klein and D. Murray, "Parallel tracking and mapping for small AR workspaces", ISMAR, 2007. [10] Augmented Reality ARToolkit Patternmaker, 2016.

21. Department Of Information Technology 2 THANKYOU