REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM.pptx

The remote sensing and gis technology combine major database operations like statistical analysis and query, with maps. The GIS manages information on locations and provides tools for analysis and display of different statistics that include population, economic development, characteristics, and vegetation

1. KIT – KALAIGNARKARUNANIDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY REMOTE SENDING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM LECTURE BY Dr B ANAND ASSISTANT PROFESSOR B E AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2. What is a GIS? GIS stands for “ Geographic Information Systems ” It is a special kind of “information system” It uses spatial information about what is where on the Earth’s surface It encourages people to think spatially , or geographically .

3. 3 GIS Technology This technology has developed from: Digital cartography and CAD Data Base Management Systems 1 2 3 ID X,Y 1 2 3 ID ATTRIB 1 2 3 CAD System Data Base Management System

4. GIS consists of Database – numbers and information Sea surface temperature, soil type, population density, Road traffic, Field data, etc. The data are definable in space as points, lines or area features. GIS manipulates and analyses these data. Maps- Graphical Thematic maps prepared from various geospatial data products

5. Database “ Not Easy to Interpret”

6. Visualization “Worth a Thousand Words”

7. Geographic Data/Information Information about places on Earth’s surface Knowledge about where something is Knowledge about what is at a given location Can be very detailed or very coarse Can be relatively static or rapidly changing Can be very sparse or voluminous

8. Why GIS matters? Geographical Information Systems are information systems that keep track not only of events, activities, and things, but also of where these events, activities, and things happen or exist. Geographic location is an important attribute of activities, policies, strategies, and plans. Geographic problems involve an aspect of location, either in the information used to solve them, or in the solutions themselves.

9. Why GIS matters? Almost everything happens somewhere and in most cases, knowing where some things happen is critically important. Examples: Position of country boundaries Location of hospitals Routing delivery vehicles Management of forest fire Monitoring urban growth

10. 10 GIS GIS is a technology consisting of hardware & software tools It is an geographical information handling tool which makes it easy to organize and store, access and retrieve, manipulate and synthesize, and apply solution of problems. It is a fundamental tools used to convey information through mapping. It improves overall decision making process.

11. 11 GIS: definition “A computer-based system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth”.

12. GIS GIS is a set of computer tools for accessing, processing, visualizing, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting spatial data.

13. Simple Definition of GIS GIS = Maps in Computers

14. Smart Maps Site Number 50 Owner: Smith Area: 10 ha

15. History of computers + GIS Post 1960s = computerized systems of cataloging and analyzing datasets, including geographic data, begin to be developed and used, but are still small, post-hoc, agency-specialized, not wide available, or still in their infancy. (ex. MIMO (Map In-Map Out) by W. Tobler, 1959) (ex. CGIS (Canada G.I.S) by Government of Canada, 1963) *first true GIS (ex. Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics, 1964) training & research (ex. GBF/DIME (Geographic Base File using Dual Independent Map Encoding) of US Census, 1967) (ex. GIRAS (Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System) by USGS, 1973) (ex. SLDB (Swedish Land Data Bank) early 1970’s) (ex. LAMIS (Local Authority Management Information System), UK, early 1970’s) (ex. JIS (Joint Information System), UK, early 1970’s)

16. History of computers + GIS Late 1970’s/early 1980’s: development of integrated software or computer code in commercially available packages: ex. McIDAS (1973) by U.Wisc. - SSEC ex. ERDAS (1978) by Leica-Geosystems ex. ArcInfo by ESRI (1981/82), Intergraph (?) * * these started circa 1970 as consulting firms ex. GRASS by US Army Corp (1982/1985) ex. MAPINFO (1986) ex. IDRISI (1987) by Clark Univserity, MA

17. History of computers + GIS Current push towards Open-Source GIS platforms, GIS data servers, and/or adoption of more “standard” data formats ex. Open GISs: Quantum GIS, GAIA, uDig ex. Geoserver + Geonetwork, Mapserver, Deegree ex. ISO/OGC Standards for Geo-information, PostgreSQL/PostGIS data catalogs/services

18. Dr John Snow is known as the ‘ father of modern epidemiology ’ and the ‘ father of GIS ’ because of the famous case of the 1854 Cholera outbreak in London’s Broad Street region. Source: UCLA http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/snowmap1_1854_lge.htm Text source: Longley et al (2005) Geographic Information Systems and Science. 2 nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. (Chapter 14, pages 317-319) History of computers + GIS London Broad Street Map

19. 19 GIS concepts are not new Soho + Cholera death Water pump Dr Snow Map of London cholera epidemic 1854 At the time of breakout, cholera was not understood to be geographically related. However, as soon as location of deaths was introduced into the picture it was clear that this was a geographical problem.

20. 20 What is unique in GIS ? GIS handles SPATIAL information – Information referenced by its location in space GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial proximity

21. Spatial is Special Almost all human activities and decisions involve a geographic component Geographic information is special as it is- Multidimensional (at least 2 coordinates to define a location) Voluminous Can be used for measurement Can be used for analysis

22. 2 Sources of GIS Data GPS Digital maps Attribute Tables ser Data Field Data Transforme maps Phot d U Satellite os Aerial Photos Existing Digital Data GIS Data

23. Data from Maps

24. Data from Land Survey and GPS

25. Integration in GIS

26. Geographic problems Classifying geographic problems Spatial scale Temporal scale Examples Location of a new highway Management of forests Precision agriculture Disaster management

27. Geospatial Information Scanning Modeling Monitoring Mapping Measuring Visualising Processing Positioning

28. Types of GIS There are a number of GIS software available today, ranging from high- powered analytical software to visual web applications, and each of those are used for a different purpose. Understanding the basic features is important to select right kind of GIS software for specific application. Desktop GIS Geobrowser Web-based GIS

29. Desktop GIS A GIS software allows you to interactively work with spatial data. A desktop GIS is a mapping software that needs to be installed onto and runs on a personal computer. For example, ArcGIS, which is developed by ESRI, can be used for a vast range of activities and uses.

30. Geobrowser understood as an Internet Explorer for A Geobrowser can be geographic information. Like internet, it allows the combination of many types of geographic data from many different sources. The biggest difference between the World Wide Web and the geographic web however is that everything within the latter is spatially referenced . Google Earth is the most popular geobrowser available.

31. Web-based GIS Web-based GIS, or WebGIS, are online GIS applications which in most cases are excellent data visualisation tools. Their functionality is limited as compared to software stored on the computer, but they are user-friendly and particularly useful as they don’t required data download.

32. GIS applications Utility companies Transportation Agriculture Planning Forestry Landuse Disaster Urban 3D model

33. Additional users of GIS Archaeologists, Architects, Planners, Geographers, Computer Scientists, IT specialists, Doctors, Engineers, Historians, Politicians, Statisticians, Meteorologists. Commercial Companies, Property Developers, Organisations, Ministries, Law Enforcement Agencies, Police, Military, to name but a few.

34. Digital Mapping Photo- grammetry Computer Aided Design Surveying Remote Sensing Databases GIS Multi-disciplinary nature of GIS

35. Knowledge Base for GIS GIS Application Areas Public admin. Planning Geology Mineral exploration Forestry Site selection Marketing Civil engineering Criminal tracking Surveying Defence Computer Science/MIS/IT Graphics Progrqmming Visualization Database management System administration Security Geography and related Cartography Geodesy Statistics Remote Sensing The convergence of various technological fields and disciplines

36. Various Components of a GIS

37. Components of a GIS A GIS is an organised collection of : Hardware Software Network Data Procedures, and People Source: Longley et al (2005) Geographic Information Systems and Science. 2 nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

38. Subsystems of GIS Input System Digitizing, Scanning, GPS Database Management System Geographic Analysis System Output System Software Tools Database + GIS Results Sim o pl r ifi cation Abstraction The real world

39. 4 Hardware is mainly a Computer system on which GIS software runs. It might be Desktop or server based or cloud-based. Some of the hardware components are: Motherboard, Hard driver, processor, graphics card, scanner, digitizer, printer and so on. For computer to perform faster, all hardware components must have greater capacity with higher specification. These all component function together to ensure that a GIS software runs smoothly. Components of a GIS: Hardware

40. 5 GIS software provide tools to create, edit and analyse the spatial information. It helps to query, edit, run and display GIS data. It uses RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) to store the data. Examples of GIS software: ArcGIS, ArcView 3.2, QGIS, SAGA GIS, GRASS, MAPINFO, ATLAS. Components of a GIS: Software

41. 6 GIS Tools: Key tools to support the browsing of the GIS data. RDBMS: Relational Database Management System to store GIS data. GIS Software retrieve from RDBMS or insert data into RDBMS. Query Tools: Tools that work with database management system for querying, insertion, deletion and other SQL (Standard Query Language). GUI: Graphical User Interface that helps user and Software to interact well. Layout: Good layout window to design map. Software Components

42. 7 ArcGIS (Esri) Geomedia (Hexagon Geospatial) MapInfo Professional (Precisely) Global Mapper (Blue Marble) Manifold GIS (Manifold) Smallworld (General Electric) Bentley Map. MapViewer and Surfer (Golden Software) Commercial GIS Software

43. 8 GRASS GIS – Originally developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, open source: a complete GIS SAGA GIS – System for Automated Geoscientific Analysis- a hybrid GIS software. SAGA has a unique Application Programming Interface (API) and a fast growing set of geoscientific methods, bundled in exchangeable Module Libraries. Quantum GIS – QGIS is an Open Source GIS that runs on Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, and Windows. MapWindow GIS – Free, open source GIS desktop application and programming component. ILWIS – ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) integrates image, vector and thematic data. JUMP GIS / OpenJUMP – (Open) Java Unified Mapping Platform (the desktop GIS OpenJUMP, SkyJUMP, deeJUMP and Kosmo emerged from JUMP)+ Open source GIS Software

44. Components of a GIS: Geographic Data Geospatial data tells you where it is and attribute data tells you what it is. • Metadata describes both geospatial and attribute data. In GIS, we call geographic data as GIS data or spatial data

45. Components of a GIS: Data Data is the most important and expensive component of the GIS It is known as the fuel for GIS. GIS data is combination of graphic (Spatial) and tabular (Attribute) data. Graphic data can be vector or raster. 10

46. Components of a GIS: Spatial data Spatial data, also known as geospatial data , is a term used to describe any data related to or containing information about a specific location on the Earth’s surface. These objects or entities that are referenced by their location Latitude / longitude coordinates x / y coordinates Street address Administrative unit

47. Spatial maps 12

48. Attribute data Attribute data is information of spatial features appended in tabular format . Data that are linked to the spatial objects Census data by administrative unit Land parcel ownership records Soil or vegetation characteristics Building information Road quality information

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