Renaissance and reformation

Renaissance and reformation

1. 1300-1600 Renaissance and Reformation

2. What was the Renaissance? “Rebirth” in arts, learning, trade in Europe beginning in the 1300’s Recovery from disasters of plague, political instability, decline of church power Transition of Europe from agricultural to urban society So what was it? Spread of new political, social, artistic ideas New social system developing in Europe (middle class) Interest in “classics” from Greece and Rome Explored human experience Emphasis on individual ability Growing secular (non-religious) , worldly, viewpoint Renaissance Man- person capable of many achievements ( Leonardo da Vinci painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, mathematician)

3. Renaissance begins in Italy Renaissance began in Italy Italy was made up of many small, powerful city-states- Venice, Florence, Milan Why Italy? Center of old Roman Empire, close to classic civilizations Catholic Church and wealthy merchants were patrons (supporters) of the arts Center of trade with other regions provided wealth, exchange of ideas urban trading cities center of banking

4. Italian City- States City- states grew wealthy because of trade during Crusades City- states controlled by wealthy merchants, families City- states competed to display wealth Families had political, economic control Medici family of Florence powerful family during Renaissance Supporters of the arts ( patrons ) Powerful banking family, controlled the flow of money across Europe Medici wealth and influence transformed Florence

5. Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance Key intellectual movement- Humanism Study of classical culture- Greece, Rome Focus on worldly subjects, not religion Focus on human potential Education- stimulate creative powers, create great citizens Humanist schools model for education in Europe until 20 th century.

6. Art and Architecture Artists imitate nature, importance of human, individual Realist painting, sculpture Used perspective to create realist art (looked 3D) Used new oil paints Studied human figure Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael- famous painters, sculptors Architecture adopted columns, arches, domes of Greeks and Romans

7. Vernacular Literature Vernacular - language of own region (English, Spanish, German, etc.) Many writers wrote in their own language Before all scholarly work in Latin Famous Renaissance writers Dante- Divine Comedy (Italian) Chaucer- Canterbury Tales (English)

8. Italian Writers Literature developed to help ambitious men and women achieve Book of the Courtier- Castiglione (1528) Described ideal noble Not made, but born Needed skill as a warrior Expected to have well rounded education, enrich life with the arts Certain standards of conduct Niccolo Machiavelli- The Prince (1513) Political guidebook How to acquire and keep power Ends justify the means

9. Renaissance in Northern Europe Economic, social recovery happened during 1400’s Began Belgium (Flanders), northern France, Netherlands, in urban areas that were involved in the cloth trade Renaissance developed its own character Invention of printing press 1455 Johann Gutenberg printed Bible using moveable type printing press Many copies of books could be printed quickly Books easier, cheaper to produce, more people gained access to knowledge, ideas Rise in Literacy across Europe Published new discoveries 1500 over 1000 printers in Europe

10. Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers Artists studied under Italian masters, copied technique Northern European rulers purchased paintings, hired Italian artists and architects Many Northern European artists went to Italy to study and copy techniques More interested in realism, details of everyday life Pieter Brugel , Albrecht Durer, Jan van Eyck well known Northern Renaissance artists Durer known for his engraving

11. Peasant Wedding Pieter Brueghel

12. Northern Renaissance Artists, Writers Humanist writers promoted education and classical learning bring religious, spiritual reform Used reason to improve themselves Appealed to growing middle class in cities Northern Renaissance focused on religious ideas (not secular) called “Christian Humanism” Erasmus - Dutch priest, produced Bible in Greek Doubts about organized church Christianity should show people how to live good lives, not provide system of beliefs Praise of Folly criticized abuses of church

13. Elizabethan England Mid 1500’s Queen Elizabeth I of England supported development of art and literature Sir Thomas Moore- Utopia describes ideal society William Shakespeare- English playwright in the late 1500’s and early 1600’s Plays, poems express themes in everyday universal settings Renaissance ideals of individual human flaws appear in plays Wrote in English lanuage-1,700 words appear for first time in plays

14. Legacy of the Renaissance What were some changes in the arts during the Renaissance? What were some changes in society?

15. Protestant Reformation

16. Luther Leads the Reformation (pages 54-60) Causes of the Reformation Rise of wealth based economy Merchants resented paying taxes to the Church, king jealous of Church wealth Declining power of church Leaders had become corrupt Kings becoming more powerful and challenged Church authority Questions about supremacy of church raised by Christian Humanists (Erasmus) Society was changing and people were searching for answers

17. Church Abuses Catholic Church caught up in secular affairs To finance church they raised fees on marriage and baptism Sold indulgences - forgiveness of sins for money

18. Early Revolts Against Church Late 1300’s – John Wycliffe (English) attacked Catholic Church, called for changes Said Bible supreme to pope Followers had to meet in secret to avoid persecution Early 1400’s John Hus (Czech) led reform movement, accused of heresy and executed 1415 Caused revolt in Bohemia did not end until 1436 Writing of Erasmus also had an effect

19. Martin Luther Martin Luther (German, Catholic monk) protests against church led to Reformation 1517 -Luther became upset a local priest, Johann Tetzel , selling indulgences in Wittenberg, Germany Indulgences guaranteed person and dead relatives place in heaven Outraged Luther, posted 95 Theses on Church in Wittenberg, Germany (maybe)

20. 95 Theses/ Luther’s beliefs Luther believed that faith alone was needed for salvation Catholic teachings that faith and good works were needed for salvation Bible was ultimate authority , not the pope All people could have direct relationship with God Copies of 95 Theses printed and distributed across Europe

21. Reaction to Luther Pope excommunicated him (kicked him out of Catholic Church) Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (HRE) called Luther to meeting to take back what he said ( Diet of Worms ) Luther refused and declared an outlaw Luther supporters accepted his teachings May German princes renounced authority of pope

22. Luther’s Teachings All people direct relationship with God Bible needed to be translated into vernacular Banned indulgences Simplified mass, emphasis on sermon Permitted clergy to marry 1530’s followers called Protestants, Lutherans

23. Princes and Peasants German princes supported Luther: Independence from Church, HRE Excuse to seize Church property in territory Keep money in territory Poor support Luther’s message: Equality, social change Revolts across Germany (Peasant's Revolt) Not supported by Luther, respected social order, political authority Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowed each prince to decide which religion to follow in their lands Northern Germany- Protestant Southern Germany- Catholic

24. Reformation Spreads

25. English Reformation 1520’s religious leaders exploring Protestant ideas English had called for reform in Church Henry VIII wanted divorce from wife, wanted male heir Pope would not annul (cancel) marriage Henry and Chancellor Thomas Cromwell had Parliament pass laws to take control of Church

26. English Reformation 1534 - Act of Supremacy made Henry head of Church of England (Anglican Church) Burned Catholics for heresy 1536-1540 -Seized monastery lands and wealth Gave land to nobles Church not radical- kept many Catholic forms of worship, used English Bible

27. English Reformation 1547 Henry dies Son Edward VI becomes king Passes laws that strengthen Protestant Church Book of Common Prayer required in all church services

28. English Reformation Mary Tudor , Edwards sister, queen after Edward dies Mary was Catholic, had many Protestants killed for heresy 1558 Elizabeth I becomes queen, decided future of Anglican Church Established compromise between Catholic and Protestant Church, ended decades of religious turmoil ( Elizabethan Compromise )

29. The Reformation Continues (pages 61-66) Reformation caused many smaller groups to break away from Catholic Church 1520’s Switzerland- Ulrich Zwingli Stressed importance of Bible, simplified elaborate church ritual John Calvin- Geneva, Switzerland Idea of predestination (God already decided who went to heaven) Ideas known as Calvinism 1559- Calvinism spreads to Scotland, known as Presbyterians 1541 - Calvinists established theocracy in Geneva Followers had strict rules Seen as model Christian community Ideas of Calvinism spread across Europe to Americas (Pilgrims and Puritans)

30. New Religious Groups Other sects had radical ideas Anabaptists rejected infant baptism Communities shared everything religious tolerance Separation of church and state Refused military service Persecuted by Catholic and Protestant groups

31. Catholic Counter Reformation New religious order Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Loyola Defended and spread Catholic faith Set up schools Spread Catholicism to Africa, Asia, Americas By 1600 Protestant religions had gained a foothold across Europe, church abuses reduced

32. Catholic Counter Reformation Most Europeans remained Catholic 1530’s- 1540’s Pope Paul III tried to revive moral authority, end corruption of Catholic Church Council of Trent- (1545, met for 20 years) Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views, final authority on the Bible penalties for corruption among clergy educated clergy Indulgences were valid Inquisition (courts used to find non- believers) were widely used across Europe

33. Legacies of the Reformation Religious differences caused intolerance, divided Europe Different religions persecuted those that were different Weakened church allowed strong monarchies to develop (Chapter 6) Led to Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution (Chapter 6) Jews forced to live in ghettos across Europe Could not live in Spanish colonies Many moved to Ottoman Empire, Netherlands