Renal Failure Presented By Uzma Nawab.pptx

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1. Presented By Uzma Nawab Faculty: Miss Sadia Farhan Acute & Chronic Renal Failure 5/1/2024 By Uzma Nawab 1

2. Objectives At the end of this session learners will be able to Describe Renal Failure Identify prevalence of Renal Failure List risk factors Define causes Explain clinical manifestations Discuss pathophysiology of Renal Failure Describe complications of Renal Failure Identify Lab investigations References 5/1/2024 By Uzma Nawab 2

3. Renal failure also known as kidney failure or renal insufficiency is a medical condition of impaired kidney function in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter metabolic wastes from the blood. OR Inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes, concentrate urine and conserve electrolytes. Definition 5/1/2024 By Uzma Nawab 3

4. Epidemiology In Pakistan, prevalence of it is reported to be in between 12.5% to 31.2%  . CKD is becoming a considerable issue, as the incidence and prevalence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) have steadily increased over the last three decades. Chronic kidney disease is a progressive condition that affects >10% of the general population worldwide, amounting to >800 million individuals. Chronic kidney disease is more prevalent in older individuals, women, racial minorities, and in people experiencing diabetes mellitus and hypertension. 5/1/2024 By Uzma Nawab 4

5. Cont. ( Epidemiology) The incidence of acute kidney injury was 50.1%, and 14.1% of the patients suffered from chronic kidney disease. The incidence of acute septic kidney injury was 75.3%. Mortality in patients with or without acute kidney injury was 41.8% and 14%, respectively. The prevalence varied between 4.83 and 4.98 %. The median age was 76.4 years. The proportion of individuals with CKD stage 3–5 in the entire population increased consistently with age. The percentage of women in the CKD 3–5 group was higher than in the background population. 5/1/2024 By Uzma Nawab 5

6. Pathophysiology Due to etiological factor Hypertrophy of nephron Inability to concentrate urine Decrease GFR Further loss of nephron functions Loss of non-excretory and execratory function 5/1/2024 By Uzma Nawab 6

7. TYPES OF RENALE FAILURE There are two types of renal failure; a) Acute renal failure. b) Chronic renal failure. Acute sudden loss of the ability of the kidneys to excrete wastes, concentrate urine, conserve electrolytes, and maintain fluid balance. Chronic the presence of kidney damage or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less and persisting for 3 months or more, irrespective of the cause. 5/1/2024 By Uzma Nawab 7

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9. Causes Acute Renal Failure Lack of blood flow to the kidneys. Blockage in urine flow that causes infections. Direct kidney damage by infections. Medications toxicity. Autoimmune kidney diseases. Severe dehydration. Chronic Renal Failure Diabetes High blood pressure . Myocardial infarction. Glomerulonephritis. Polycystic kidney disease . 5/1/2024 By Uzma Nawab 9

10. Clinical Manifestation Acute renal failure Decreased urine output. Fluid retention, causing swelling in your legs, ankles or feet. Shortness of breath. Fatigue. Confusion. Nausea. Weakness. Irregular heartbeat . Chronic renal failure Nausea . Vomiting. Loss of appetite. Fatigue and weakness. Sleep problems. Urinating more or less. Decreased mental sharpness. Muscle cramps . 5/1/2024 By Uzma Nawab 10

11. Laboratory Tests 5/1/2024 By Uzma Nawab 11

12. Complications Fluid retention which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs. H igh blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema ). A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia ) which could impair your heart's function and can be life-threatening. Anemia. Cardiovascular complications. Fluid overload leading to HF. Cardiac Arrest. 5/1/2024 By Uzma Nawab 12

13. Reference M , Bonventre JV, Bates DW. Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Nov;16(11):3365-70. -   PubMed Acute Kidney Injury Trial (BAKIT) workgroup A comparison of different diagnostic criteria of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2014 Jul 08;18(4):R144. -  PMC  -  PubMed Friedman EA. Acute renal failure. N Engl J Med. 1996 Oct 24;335(17):1321; author reply 1321-2. -  PubMed Calderon- Margalit R, Golan E, K , Vivante A. History of Childhood Kidney Disease and Risk of Adult End-Stage Renal Disease. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 01;378(5):428-438. -  PubMed Bagshaw SM, RIFLE and AKIN criteria for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008 May;23(5):1569-74. -  PubMed 5/1/2024 By Uzma Nawab 13

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