Renewables energy resource report pdf documents

Report

1. Subject With Code: Renewable Energy Resources-21EE652 Module 1: Introduction & Energy from Sun. Faculty Details: Dwarakanath S K Assistant Professor EEE Dept. SJBIT

2. Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work. It exists in several forms such as heat, mechanical (potential and kinetic), light, electrical, or other forms of energy. According to the law of conservation of energy, the total energy of a system remains constant. However, energy may transform from one form into another form. The SI unit of energy is the joule (J) or Newton-meter (N × m). Joule is also the SI unit of work. Energy is now well recognized as an essential parameter of socio-techno-economic development of any system and it is presently used as the measure of the standard of living, quality of life, civilization, and culture of a country. Introduction

3. Causes of Energy Scarcity . 7 EEE Dept. SJBIT While the whole world is in the grip of energy scarcity, several countries, including India also, are facing various associated difficulties for its techno-socio-economic development because of energy shortages and many more things. However, they have been further complicated by the energy dependence on the other countries. Energy use scenario, as shown in Table 1.3, indicates that how equality (social and economical) can be achieved, when 30% population is utilizing 70% of energy and 70% population is forced to live with the 30% of the remaining energy.

4. Causes of Energy Scarcit y: Following points may be considered as the principal causes of energy scarcity. 8 EEE Dept. SJBIT Increasing population only 40–45% population constitutes child producing groups worldwide population is increasing at an alarming rate. unevenly distributed worldwide Africa shares the largest population growth rate, followed by South Asia and then by Europe Increasing energy usage or consumption The movement of civilization from early man to the present technological Energy is constantly used

5. Causes of Energy Scarcity . 9 EEE Dept. SJBIT Energy maintains techno-socio-economic Energy provides the society with heat and electricity daily and motive power to industry, transportation, and modern way of life.

6. Causes of Energy Scarcity . 10 EEE Dept. SJBIT In homes, for lighting and cooking, domestic appliances, televisions, computers, etc. In industry to power the manufacture of the products. In transport system to power cars, trucks, ships, and aeroplanes for transporting peoples and goods.

7. Causes of Energy Scarcity . 11 EEE Dept. SJBIT Uneven distribution of energy resources access to worlds energy & material resources Uneven distribution of energy and resource trade among countries Geographical distribution is the main consideration Renewable energy flows are also spread out unevenly. Cloudiness in equatorial regions reduces solar radiation. very few sites with the best potential

8. Causes of Energy Scarcity . 12 EEE Dept. SJBIT Lacks of technical knowledge several countries or regions are having energy in abundance not able to fully utilize them due resources are mined and processed in resource enriched countries price of export, environmental burden primary processing in energy enriched countries. resources drive significant benefits in techno-economically developed countries

9. Solution to Energy Scarcity Minimizing population growth Development of energy conversion techniques Environmental concern Maintaining energy development program Energy management 13 EEE Dept. SJBIT 4

10. Factors Affecting Energy Resource Development Fuel substitution no readily available energy resources to substitute for fossil fuels solar energy is several orders of magnitude larger Energy Density The amount of energy contained in a unit of material object (energy resource) is termed as energy density 14 EEE Dept. SJBIT

11. Factors Affecting Energy Resource Development Energy density Air-dry crop residue (straw and agriculture waste) – 12 to 15 MJ/kg Good quality coal - 25-30 MJ/Kg Crude oil - 42- 45 MJ/ kg Power density Power density refers to the rate of energy production per unit of earth’s area and usually expressed in watts per square meters (w/m2). period of formation of fossil fuel of high quality energy. Power density produced of 10 2 - 10 3 w/ m 2 From coal or hydrocarbon field, hence small land area are required biomass energy production has densities below 1 w/m 2 water and wind is below 10 w/m 2 photovoltaic electricity generation can deliver larger than 20 w/m 2 15 EEE Dept. SJBIT

12. Factors Affecting Energy Resource Development Intermittency Growing demand for fuels, energy, and electricity fluctuates daily and seasonally the base load, which is defined as the minimum energy required meeting the demand of the day, has been increasing Demand is meet by storable high-energy density fossil fuels and thermal electricity generating stations because of high load factor wind and direct solar radiation are intermittent, they can never deliver high load factor we still lack the means for storing wind or solar-generated electricity on a large scale. 16 EEE Dept. SJBIT

13. Factors Affecting Energy Resource Development Geographical energy distribution uneven distributions of fossil fuels and the non-fossil fuels (solar, wind, etc.) Cloudiness in the equatorial zone reduces direct solar radiation. Whole stretches of continent has insufficient wind. very few sites with the best potential for geothermal, tidal, or ocean energy conversions. 17 EEE Dept. SJBIT

14. Energy Resources and Classification Primary and secondary energy resources Oil Natural gas Coal Uranium Hydro electric power 24 EEE Dept. SJBIT

15. Classification of energy resources EEE Dept. SJBIT 7 Primary and secondary energy resources 1. Primary energy resources are derived directly from natural reserve. Examples are chemical fuels, solar, wind, geothermal, nuclear hydropower, etc. They are used either in basic raw energy form or by converting them to usable form (secondary energy). 2. Secondary energy resources are usable forms of energy generated by means of suitable plants to convert the primary energy. Examples are electrical energy, steam power, hot water power, hydrogen energy, etc.

16. Classification of energy resources EEE Dept. SJBIT 7

17. Resource Development, Energy Resources and Classification, Renewable Energy – Worldwide Oil Oil companies estimate that the world’s proven oil reserves are about 1,050 thousand million barrels, equivalent to about 6.4 × 1,021 J or 6,400 exajoules subject to uncertainty and change uneven distribution of oil reserves across the world- 71% Middle East run short & become very expensive in the first half of this century 27 EEE Dept. SJBIT

18. Resource Development, Energy Resources and Classification, Renewable Energy – Worldwide Natural gas proven reserves are presently some 152 trillion cubic meters (about 5.9 × 1,021 Joules or 5,900 exajoules) difficult to transport and trade some prospective regions of the world that have not been fully explored . The 2001 world gas consumption rate of 2.5 trillion cubic meters per annum- doubled over the last 30 years 28 EEE Dept. SJBIT

19. Resource Development, Energy Resources and Classification, Renewable Energy – Worldwide Coal In 1999, the proved recoverable reserves of coal is around one million tonnes - 3 × 1022 J or 30,000 exajoules production for more than 200 years The use of coal is limited more by environmental considerations than by the size of the resource Modern techniques are used to reduce some of the pollutants from coal. 29 EEE Dept. SJBIT

20. Resource Development, Energy Resources and Classification, Renewable Energy – Worldwide Uranium The economically accessible reserves of natural uranium is three million tonnes In the 1970s, this was expected to last no more than a few decades, but due to the slower grown than the expected growth in the nuclear industry and increased availability of uranium and the decommissioning of nuclear weapons, this time frame has been extended. There are public reservations about the cost and the safety of nuclear power plants, but they produce almost no CO2 and the technology is mature 30 EEE Dept. SJBIT

21. Resource Development, Energy Resources and Classification, Renewable Energy – Worldwide Hydroelectric Power second biggest renewable energy contribution to world energy supply with an annual output of 2,600 TWh 8,000 TWh / yr is currently considered to be economically feasible out of 14,400 TWh / yr dependent on rainfall, and climate change considerable opposition to the building of large dams 31 EEE Dept. SJBIT

22. Worldwide Renewable Energy Availability About 16% of global final energy comes from renewable 10% coming from traditional biomass 3.4% from hydroelectricity 32 EEE Dept. SJBIT

23. Worldwide Renewable Energy Availability 33 EEE Dept. SJBIT

24. Renewable Energy in India As of December 2011, India had an installed capacity of about 22.4 GW of renewable technology-based electricity, about 12% of its total As of August 2011, India had deployed renewable energy to provide electricity in 8,846 remote villages, installed 4.4 million family biogas plants, 1,800 micro-hydel units 4.7 million square meters of solar water heating capacity 34 EEE Dept. SJBIT

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26. Energy from Sun: Sun- earth Geometric Relationship 36 EEE Dept. SJBIT The term earth rotation refers to the spinning of the earth on its axis One rotation takes exactly 24 h and is called a mean solar day look down at the earth’s North Pole from space- direction of rotation is counterclockwise The opposite is true if the earth is viewed from the South Pole. The orbit of the earth around the sun is called earth revolution. This celestial motion takes 365.25 days to complete one cycle the earth’s orbit around the sun is not circular but elliptical

27. Energy from Sun: Sun- earth Geometric Relationship 37 EEE Dept. SJBIT

28. Energy from Sun: Conclusions from figure 38 EEE Dept. SJBIT The earth’s orbit around the sun is elliptical with a mean centre to centre distance from the sun is approximately 9.3 × 106 miles (1.5 × 108 Km). While the earth makes its daily rotation and yearly revolution, the sun also rotates on its axis approximately once every month. The earth’s axis of rotation (the polar axis) is always inclined at an angle of 23.5° from the ecliptic axis. This distance from the sun to the earth varies ±1.7% over the average distance. This causes the solar energy reaching the earth to vary ± 3% during a year. The energy is received at its peak on 1st January and the lowest on 1st July. The sun is 109 times larger in diameter than the earth. The sun appears to move across the sky in an arc from east to west, owing to the rotation of the earth around its north-south axis. Viewing the sun from the average miles, it subtends an arc of 0.53° (32 min)

29. EEE Dept. SJBIT An elliptical orbit causes the earth’s distance from the sun to vary annually This annual variation in the distance from the sun does influence the amount of solar radiation intercepted by the earth by approximately 6% On January 3rd, the earth comes closest to the sun (147.5 million kilometres ) each year (Perihelion) The earth is farthest from the sun on July 4th, each year ( aphelion) The average distance of the earth from the sun over a one-year period is 150 million kilometres . 39

30. Layer of the Sun 6 Layers of the sun: Core Radiative Zone Convention Zone Photosphere Chromosphere Corona 40 EEE Dept. SJBIT

31. Layer of the Sun Core The innermost layer of the sun is called the core, the core might be expected to be solid core’s temperature is 1,50,00,000°C keeps it in a gaseous state In the core, fusion reactions produce energy in the form of gamma rays and neutrinos Gamma rays are photons with high energy and high frequency The gamma rays are absorbed and re-emitted by many atoms on their journey from the envelope to the outside of the sun When gamma rays leave atoms, their average energy is reduced The neutrinos are extremely nonreactive. Several experiments are being performed to measure the neutrino output from the sun 41 EEE Dept. SJBIT

32. Layer of the Sun Solar Envelope Outside of the core is the radiative envelope & surrounded by a convective envelope 4 million kelvin (7 million degrees F). Density is much less than that of the core The core contains 40% of the sun’s mass in 10% of the volume solar envelope has 60% of the mass in 90% of the volume It puts pressure on the core and maintains the core’s temperature The solar envelope is cooler and more opaque than the core. energy to move by radiation, and as a result, heat energy starts to build up at the outside of the radioactive zone. The energy begins to move by convection in huge cells of circulating gas with several hundred kilometres in diameter Convection cells are smaller than the inner cells. cell is called a granule- when observed through a telescope, look like tiny specks of light 42 EEE Dept. SJBIT

33. Layer of the Sun Photosphere is the zone from which the sunlight is both seen and emitted It is a comparatively thin layer of low-pressure gasses surrounding the envelope Few hundred kilometres thick with a temperature of 6,000°C The composition, temperature, and pressure of the photosphere are revealed by the spectrum of sunlight. William Ramsey discovered helium in 1896 named as helium in honour of Helios, the mythological Greek god of the sun. 43 EEE Dept. SJBIT

34. Layer of the Sun Chromospheres During an eclipse, a red circle can sometimes be seen outside the sun red colouring is caused by the abundance of hydrogen. The temperature decreases proportionally as the distance from the core increases. However Temperature is about 7,000 K- hotter than photosphere 44 EEE Dept. SJBIT

35. Layer of the Sun Corona The outermost layer of the sun is called the corona or the crown It is very thin and faint we can observe the corona during a total solar eclipse or by using a coronagraph telescope This outer layer is very dim it is the hottest @ 10^6 K, 45 EEE Dept. SJBIT

36. Earth-Sun Angles and their relationship Hour angle(ω) Equation of time Declination angle(δ) Latitude angle(ϕ) Solar altitude angle(α) Solar elevation angle(α) Solar Azimuth angle(γ) EEE Dept. SJBIT 12

37. Earth-Sun Angles and their relationship Hour angle( ω): The hour angle is the angular distance between the meridian of the observer and the meridian whose plane contains the sun Used to describe earth’s rotation about its polar axis The hour angle increases by 15° every hour Calculate hour angle when it is 3 h after solar noon. Solution Solar time = 12 + 3 = 15:00 Therefore, hour angle (w) = 15 × ( ts − 12) = 15 × (15 − 12) = 45° EEE Dept. SJBIT 12

38. Earth-Sun Angles and their relationship EEE Dept. SJBIT 12

39. Earth-Sun Angles and their relationship Equation of time : It is the difference between the local apparent solar time and the local mean solar time. mathematically defined as apparent solar time minus mean solar time, EOT = 9.87 × sin (2B) − 7.67 sin (B + 78.7°); (in minutes) EOT = 9.87 sin 2B − 7.53 cos B − 1.5 sin B Where B= 360 (n − 81)/365; (in degrees) n is the total number of days of the year (e.g., n = 1 on Jan 1 and n = 33 on Feb 2) EEE Dept. SJBIT 12

40. Earth-Sun Angles and their relationship Equation of time : EEE Dept. SJBIT 12

41. Earth-Sun Angles and their relationship Declination angle( δ): of the sun is the angle between the rays of the sun and the plane of the earth’s equator The earth’s axial tilt is the angle between the earth’s axis and a line perpendicular to the earth’s orbit. current value is about e = 23.26° EEE Dept. SJBIT 12

42. Earth-Sun Angles and their relationship Latitude Angle ( ϕ ) : the angle between a line drawn from a point on the earth’s surface to the centre of the earth and the earth’s equatorial plane The intersection of the equatorial plane with the surface of the earth forms the equator and is designated as 0° latitude. The earth’s axis of rotation intersects the earth’s surface at +90° S latitude (North Pole) and −90° latitude (South Pole) Any location on the surface of the earth can be then defined by the intersection of a longitude angle and a latitude angle. Other latitude angles of interest are the Tropic of Cancer (+23.45° latitude) and the Tropic of Capricorn (−23.45° latitude).-maximum tilts of the North and South Poles towards the sun. EEE Dept. SJBIT 12

43. Earth-Sun Angles and their relationship Solar altitude angle( α): It is defined as the angle between the central ray from the sun and a horizontal plane containing the observer for the observer at showing the Surface Azimuth angle ( γ ), the solar altitude angle ( α ), and the solar zenith angle ( θ Z ) for a central sun ray along direction vector S. the sun’s altitude may be described in terms of the solar zenith angle ( θ Z ) θ Z = 90° – α in degrees EEE Dept. SJBIT 12

44. Earth-Sun Angles and their relationship Solar elevation angle( α): It is the elevation angle of the sun It can be calculated, using the following formula: sin α = cos ϕ · cos δ · cos ꞷ + sin ϕ · sin δ Where α = the solar elevation angle ꞷ = the hour angle in the local solar time ϕ = the local latitude EEE Dept. SJBIT 12

45. Earth-Sun Angles and their relationship Surface Azimuth angle( γ): angle defining the position of the sun is the surface azimuth angle ( γ ) θz = 90° − a (in degrees) Angle measured clockwise on the horizontal plane from the north-pointing coordinate axis to the projection of the sun’s central ray. sin ( γ ) = [−sin (w) × cos ( δ ) ∕ cos ( α )] EEE Dept. SJBIT 12

46. Relationship Between Different Sun-Earth Angles 56 EEE Dept. SJBIT 13

47. Solar Energy Reaching the Earth’s Surface Problems Associated with Harnessing full solar energy The earth displacement from the sun The earth rotates about its polar axis The least predictable factor Extraterrestrial radiation Solar constant : It is a measure of flux density and is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area that would be incident on a plane perpendicular to the rays at a distance of one AU. It includes all types of solar radiation, not just the visible light. Value: 1353 to 1395 W/m2…1365 Solar radiation spectrum : Variations of solar irradiance with wavelength of solar radiation is called solar radiation spectrum as given in Figure 2 ,This spectrum of electromagnetic radiation striking the earth’s atmosphere spans a range of 0.1 µm to about 3 µm. This can be divided into five regions in increasing order of wavelengths as given below. Solar radiation on the earth’s surface (solar insolation) 57 EEE Dept. SJBIT

48. Solar Energy Reaching the Earth’s Surface 1. Ultraviolet C or (UVC) range: It spans a range of 0.1 µm to 0.28 µm. The term ultraviolet refers to the fact that the radiation is at higher frequency than violet light (and hence also invisible to the human eye). Owing to absorption by the atmosphere, only mere amount reaches the earth’s surface (lithosphere). This spectrum of radiation has germicidal properties and is used in germicidal lamps. 2. Ultraviolet B or (UVB) range: It spans 0.28 µm to 0.315 µm. It is also greatly absorbed by the atmosphere, and along with UVC, it is responsible for the photochemical reaction leading to the production of the ozone layers. 3. Ultraviolet A or (UVA) range: It spans 0.315 µm to 0.4 µm. It has been traditionally held as less damaging to the DNA and hence used in tanning and PUVA (Photo- chemoUVA ) therapy for psoriasis. 4. Visible range or light: It spans 0.38 µm to 0.78 µm. As the name suggests, it is this range that is visible to the naked eye. 5. Infrared range: It spans 0.7 µm to 1,000 µm. It is responsible for an important part of the electromagnetic radiation that reaches the earth. It is also divided into three types on the basis of wavelength: (a) Infrared-A: 0.7 µm to 1.4 µm (b) Infrared-B: 1.4 µm to 3.0 µm (c) Infrared-C: 3.0 µm to 100 µm 58 EEE Dept. SJBIT

49. Solar Radiation on the Earth’s Surface The rate at which solar energy reaches a unit area at the earth is called the solar irradiance or insolation. In other words, solar insolation means the sun’s energy received over a horizontal surface. The units of measure for irradiance are watts per square metre (W/m2). Solar irradiance is an instantaneous measure of rate and can vary over time. The maximum solar irradiance value is used in system design to determine the peak rate of energy input into the system. If storage is included in a system design, the designer also needs to know the variation of solar irradiance over time in order to optimize the system design. Since solar radiation before reaching the earth’s surface is subjected to the mechanism of absorption and scattering while passing through several gases (e.g., water vapour , ozone, carbon dioxide, oxygen, etc.), maximum radiation reaches the earth’s surface during clear sky (no clouds). In view of the absorption and scattering, solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface is defined by the following terms: Beam radiation (direct solar radiation): The solar radiation received on the earth’s surface without change of direction (without any attenuation) in line with sun. Diffuse radiation : When solar radiation is subjected to attenuation and reaches the earth’s surface from all parts of the sky hemisphere. Global radiation : The sum of beam radiation and diffuse radiation is known as global radiation

50. Solar Thermal Energy Applications 61 EEE Dept. SJBIT

51. Solar Thermal Energy Applications Passive system Active system Direct thermal applications Low-temperature Solar Thermal Systems Domestic Water Heating Domestic Space Heating Solar Cooking Crop Drying Space Cooling Daylighting Solar electric conversion and applications 62 EEE Dept. SJBIT

52. Thermo-electric conversion 63 EEE Dept. SJBIT

53. Basic Rankine Cycle 64 EEE Dept. SJBIT

54. Quiz Identify the non-renewable energy resource from the following Coal Solar power Wind power Wave Power Which off the following is a disadvantage off most of the renewable energy sources Highly pollution High waste disposal cost Unreliable supply High cost Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into Chemical energy Biogas Electricity The heat energy Solar cell converts Heat energy Mechanical energy Electrical energy Liquid fuels

55. Quiz Lecture 2 The angle measure from directly overhead to the geometric centre of the suns disc is Declination angle Hour angle Latitude angle Zenith angle The solar hour are angle is zero at Sunrise Sunset Solar noon Midnight