REOPORT THAT MUST BE REPORTING ALL ABOVE THE ATRTH

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1. INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY Prepared by: Cris John Watiwat

2. INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY OBJECTIVES: Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of scientific revolution; Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various parts of the world like in Latin America, East Asia, Middle East, and Africa Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology.

3. INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY In this chapter, learners will be introduced to the intellectual revolutions that defined the society. It will give light to the development of science and scientific ideas in the heart of the society. It is the goal of this chapter to articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology.

4. INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY Copernican Darwinian Freudian Information Age Meso -American Asian Middle East African

5. WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION?

6. WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION? Have you ever experienced the change in your beliefs because of other people's beliefs?

7. WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION? According to the presentation made by Kathrine Jeanne Hintay , intellectual revolution is the period where paradigm shifts occurred. It is where the scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people were challenged and opposed.

8. INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION To further understand the concept of intellectual revolution, it is important to discuss the different scientific ideas and beliefs from notable individuals that shaken the beliefs of many people in the society during their period. Nicolaus Copernicus Charles Darwin Sigmund Freud

9. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at the center of the universe.

10. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Heliocentrism

11. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION Old Belief About the Solar System Ptolemaic model (also called geocentrism which stated that earth is the center of the solar system and it was introduced by Claudius Ptolemy.

12. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

13. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION Charles Darwin introduced on his book evolution, On the Origin of Species, the theory of evolution which posited that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which the fittest would survive.

14. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION Sigmund Freud was an Australian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

15. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION In the 19 th century , Freud was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is the study of human behavior. He explained that many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions.

16. INFORMATION AGE Information Age is the shift from the traditional industry that the industrial revolution brought through industrialization to an economy based on information technology. This era brought about a time period in which people could access information and knowledge easily.

17. INFORMATION AGE COMPUTERS A re machines or devices that performs processes, calculations, and operations based on instructions . Charles Babbage introduced the idea of “programmable computers” way back in1800s. And  the first ever computer was  made in 1946. Forms of computers include desktop , laptop , smartphones, calculator, and abacus , etc.

18. INFORMATION AGE INTERNET This allowed the people to access information regardless of the distance they need to travel and difficulty of acquiring it . Is a Global Wide Area Network that connects computer systems across the world . Internet was known when the discovery of the World Wide Web(www) was introduced by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Later on Browsers took flight and Search Engines was developed for easy access of information.

19. INFORMATION AGE SOCIAL NETWORK This allowed the people to connect with other individuals regardless of the distance for easy sharing and dissemination of information . Is a social structure made up of set of social actors that undergo social interactions through various social medias . Facebook , created by Mark Zuckerburg and others is one of the most famous and widely used social media platforms today . Examples : Facebook, Twitter , Instagram , and others.

20. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INFORMATION AGE DISADVANTAGES People become too dependent on technology People are being replaced with machines producing shortage of job offers People are becoming lazier Security issues may arise ADVANTAGES Globalization of Knowledge Improved Communications Improved Innovation Improved Entertainment Improved Social Discovery Makes Life Easier

21. CRADLES OF SCIENCE Development of Science in Meso -American Development of Science in Asian Development of Science in Africa

22. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESO-AMERICAN Development of Science in Mayan Civilization Development of Science in Incan Civilization Development of Science in Aztec Civilization

23. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MAYAN CIVILIZATION HYDRAULICS It is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids.

24. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MAYAN CIVILIZATION BALL COURTS The Maya loved one particular game called pok -a- tok , or hotchpotch.

25. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MAYAN CIVILIZATION RUBBER Maya knew how to make elastic quite some time before Charles Goodyear. Alongside other Mesoamerican societies, the Maya made elastic from natural or synthetic latex and mixed them with other plant substances to make elastic items with various properties, including bouncy balls.

26. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MAYAN CIVILIZATION CHOCOLATE The ancient Maya were the first to discover the many uses of the cacao bean between 250 and 900 AD. They mixed the cacao bean with pepper and cornmeal to make a fiery chocolate drink.

27. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MAYAN CIVILIZATION HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS S hamans took stimulating drugs to induce trance-like states during these rituals in order to make contact with the spiritual world.

28. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MAYAN CIVILIZATION LAW AND ORDER Murder was uncommon because the punishment was so extreme.

29. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MAYAN CIVILIZATION MATHEMATICS The Maya had an extremely accurate numerical system. It had only three symbols: 0(shell shape ), 1(a dab) and 5(a bar). They used these three symbols to express numbers from 0 to 19; numbers after 19 were composed vertically in groups of 20, using place markers .

30. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MAYAN CIVILIZATION MAYA ART Mayan art is widely applauded around the world. Maya art was very modern in flavor. The Maya created artwork from a variety of materials including wood, jade, obsidian, and earthenware, and decorated stone landmarks, stucco, and walls. Woodcuts were common but only a few examples still survive.

31. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MAYAN CIVILIZATION MAYAN WRITING SYSTEM Maya invented the most advanced form of writing, known as “glyphs.” Glyphs are used to describe or represent a word, sound or even a syllable through pictures or symbols.

32. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN INCAN CIVILIZATION ROAD PAVED WITH STONES The Incas often paved their roads with flat stones, creating a smooth surface. They also built retaining walls, drainage systems, and even resting areas for travelers along the route. This attention to detail demonstrates their commitment to quality and sustainability.

33. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN INCAN CIVILIZATION FIRST SUSPENSION BRIDGE Incas used a rope to construct suspension bridges across mountain chasms, as they had long been experts at weaving materials from natural fibers. Since there were no wheeled vehicles, the rope bridges worked beautifully for foot traffic, conveying both man and beast with ease.

34. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN INCAN CIVILIZATION QUIPU A quipu , or knot-record (also called khipu ), was a method used by the Incas and other ancient Andean cultures to keep records and communicate information. Quipu could record dates, statistics, accounts, and others that deals with numbers.

35. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN INCAN CIVILIZATION BUILDINGS THAT SURMOUNTED MOUNTAINS (MACHU PICCHU) I s an ancient Inca city perched high in the Andes mountains of Peru. It is one of the most iconic and enigmatic architectural marvels in the world. Built by the Inca civilization in the 15th century, Machu Picchu is a testament to the extraordinary engineering skills and artistic vision of the Inca people.

36. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AZTEC CIVILIZATION MANDATORY EDUCATION Period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by the government. Depending on the country, this education may take place at a registered school or home .

37. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AZTEC CIVILIZATION CHOCOLATE The Aztecs believed cacao was given to them by their gods. Like the Mayans, they enjoyed the caffeinated kick of hot or cold, spiced chocolate beverages in ornate containers, but they also used cacao beans as currency to buy food and other goods .

38. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AZTEC CIVILIZATION ANTISPASMODIC MEDICATION Is a medicine that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which may have been helpful during surgery .

39. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AZTEC CIVILIZATION CHINAMPA I s a type of Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico.

40. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AZTEC CIVILIZATION CALENDAR The calendar consisted of a 365-day calendar cycle called(year count) and a 260-day ritual cycle called(day count)

41. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AZTEC CIVILIZATION CANOE Canoe is a lightweight narrow vessel , typically pointed at both ends and open on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of travel and using a single-bladed paddle .

42. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA India China Middle East Countries

43. Development of Science in Asia: INDIA AYURVEDA Ayurveda is considered by many scholars to be the oldest healing science, pseudoscientific system of medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent.

44. Development of Science in Asia: INDIA ARYABHATA Aryabhata worked on the approximation for pi ( π). Aryabhata gives the area of a triangle as "for a triangle, the result of a perpendicular with the half-side is the area ." Aryabhata discussed the concept of sine in his work by the name of ardha-jya , which literally means "half-chord ". Solar and lunar eclipses were scientifically explained by Aryabhata .

45. Development of Science in Asia: CHINA ACUPUNCTURE It is an ancient Chinese medical technique for relieving pain, curing disease, and improving general health. It was devised before 2500BCEin China and by the late 20th century was used in many other areas of the world.

46. Development of Science in Asia: CHINA COMPASS The compass was invented in China during the Han Dynasty between the 2nd century BC and 1st century AD where it was called the south-governor.

47. Development of Science in Asia: CHINA PAPERMAKING The first papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period (25–220 AD) traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun . Cai Lun , formerly r omanized as Ts‘ai Lun , courtesy name Jing zhong , was a Chinese inventor and eunuch court official of the Han dynasty .

48. Development of Science in Asia: CHINA GUNPOWDER The birth of gunpowder was quite accidental. It was first invented inadvertently by alchemists while attempting to make an elixir of immortality. It was a mixture of Sulphur , saltpeter, and charcoal.

49. Development of Science in Asia: CHINA PRINTING TOOLS Carved Printing was first invented in Tang Dynasty around 600 A.D, it was first inspired by engraved name seals. Carved block printing was the first technique put into use, quickly after that wooden block printing was invented which was printed paper stuck onto wooden blocks.

50. Development of Science in Asia: MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES AL-KHWARIZMI He developed the concept of the algorithm in mathematics (which is a reason for his being called the grandfather of computer science by some people).

51. Development of Science in Asia: MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES ALGEBRA Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi lived in Baghdad, around 780 to 850 CE (or AD). He was one of the first to write about algebra (using words, not letters ). Around 825 he wrote the book " Hisab Al- jabr w’al-muqabala ", from which we get the word algebra (meaning 'restoration of broken parts'). This book included many word problems, especially in dealing with inheritance.

52. Development of Science in AFRICA GEOMETRY T he branch of mathematics concerned with the shape of individual objects, spatial relationships among various objects, and the properties of surrounding space . It is one of the oldest branches of mathematics, having arisen in response to such practical problems as those found in surveying , and its name is derived from Greek words meaning “Earth measurement.” Eventually it was realized that geometry need not be limited to the study of flat surfaces (plane geometry) and rigid three-dimensional objects (solid geometry) but that even the most abstract thoughts and images might be represented and developed in geometric terms.

53. Development of Science in AFRICA ANATOMY Human Anatomy ( ana - = “up”, tome = “to cut”) is often defined as the study of structures in the human body. Pharmacology is a branch of medicine and pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly or narrowly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.

54. Development of Science AFRICA LEBOMBO BONES The Lebombo bone is a bone tool made of a baboon fibula with incised markings discovered in the Lebombo Mountains located between South Africa and Swaziland.

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