REPD 372 Quiz 2 Sample Questions. for schoolpptx

REPD Quiz 2 Sample Questions

1. Student Questions Fetal age vs Gestational Age: Q)How can the pregnancy be "older" than the fetus? Does it not all occur at the same time (the moment of conception )? Gestational age calculated based on last menstrual period, fetal age based on fertilization. Gestational age is “almost” universal standard for obstetricians. More accurate recall of last menstrual period than sexual intercourse.   Q) Is gestation about 38 to 40 weeks from LMP or 40 to 42 weeks? Because section 1 slide 4 says that gestation is about 38 to 40 weeks from LMP but that each trimester is 12 to 14 weeks for a total duration of 40 to 42 weeks. The third trimester slide then says birth occurs between 37 to 42 weeks. If you can please clarify these clinical timelines, it would help me a lot, thank you!    Module 4 also defines the first trimester from the first week of conception to 13th week of gestation (slide titled first trimester) but why is it not being calculated from LMP like the second and third trimesters ? A) All clinical discussion of gestation is based on gestational age. Term is 40 weeks (280 days) from last menstrual period. From a scientists perspective term i s date of conception + 266 days. First trimester is last menstrual period to 13 weeks + 6 days.

2. Q ) For the question in module 4 below, is the answer weeks 3 to 10 because that is the least wrong answer? I thought from module 3 that weeks 1 to 2 of fetal age (gestational weeks 3 to 4), the zygote and blastocyst are in early cell division and implantation stages. Starting week 3 to 8 of fetal age we have embryogenesis and organogenesis. By week 10 of fetal age, organs have already formed, because in gestational age, it would mark week 12th (almost end of first trimester). Isn't the correct answer that teratogens cause most damage during weeks 3 to 8 of fetal age and weeks 5 to 10 weeks of gestation?    Question from module 4: Predict which of the listed time intervals best describes the period of time during which the developing fetus will be most susceptible to teratogens (use fetal age)? Weeks 1and2 Weeks 2-6 Weeks 3-10 Weeks 12 –14   What is also confusing is that the next slides (M4, section 1 slide 6) says that the critical window of development is actually weeks 12 to 14 of gestation, which is weeks 10 to 12 of fetal age but by then organogenesis is already done, I thought the most critical stage of development would be start of first trimester in fetus weeks 3 to 8 of fetal age? Windows of Development: A): Organogenesis weeks 3-8 is better answer. Critical Development occurs WITHIN first 12-14 weeks.

3. Q) What is the difference between the chorionic plate and the cytotrophoblast shell? what one is the most outermost?  Additionally, the module states that the fetoplacental barrier is created by the syncytiotrophoblasts that enclose the intervillous space but also says the intervillous space is between the chorionic shell and chorionic plate. Placenta

4. Human Placenta

5. Aplin 2020. Nat Rev Endo Maternal-Fetal Interface

6. Q) In Testicular Tissue Preservation, can it be implanted back into the testes and be able to work normally without additional intervention? The modules mention it can also be implanted "elsewhere". Does this mean like in laboratory settings ? A) Transplanted tissue can survive, but to this point no evidence of spermatogenesis. Major break through in rhesus monkey from 2019 -> offspring born from cryopreserved testicular tissue from prepubescent animal. Testicular Tissue Preservation

7. Q ) I understand that women experience decreased estrogen and progesterone in menopause due to a decrease in the remaining follicles and can undergo cyclic hormone replacement mimicking natural hormone patterns to treat symptoms. However, why would a woman in menopause take both estrogen and progesterone daily rather than just estrogen daily with a small window of progesterone?  A) Estradiol replacement (with and without progesterone) is recommended for management of menopausal symptoms. Loss of estrogen is main driver of symptoms. Hormone Replacement:

8. Fertility: Q ) The module says that "Fertility rates tend to be higher in developing countries due to the lack of access to contraceptives, poor maternity care, and generally lower levels of female education" but also says that "infertility is more prevalent in developing countries". How can both fertility and infertility be higher in developing countries ? A) If an individual is fertile they tend to have more children in developing countries. Therefore, population wide fertility is higher. However, there are more infertile individuals in developing countries.

9. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 1. An ectopic pregnancy would most likely be diagnosed: a t an ultrasound visit between weeks 18-22 gestational age w ith a blood test taken to confirm hCG levels found with a home urine pregnancy test at parturition none of the above

10. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 1. An ectopic pregnancy would most likely be diagnosed: a t an ultrasound visit between weeks 18-22 gestational age w ith a blood test taken to confirm hCG levels found with a home urine pregnancy test at parturition none of the above

11. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 2 . At the human maternal-fetal interface nutrients and gases need to cross the following cell/tissue types to reach the fetal circulation (in correct order) maternal endothelium – maternal connective tissue – maternal epithelium – tropophoblast – fetal connective tissue – fetal endothelium maternal endothelium - tropophoblast – fetal connective tissue – fetal endothelium tropophoblast – fetal connective tissue – fetal endothelium tropophoblast – fetal endothelium - fetal connective tissue

12. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 2 . At the human maternal-fetal interface nutrients and gases need to cross the following cell/tissue types to reach the fetal circulation (in correct order) maternal endothelium – maternal connective tissue – maternal epithelium – tropophoblast – fetal connective tissue – fetal endothelium maternal endothelium - tropophoblast – fetal connective tissue – fetal endothelium tropophoblast – fetal connective tissue – fetal endothelium tropophoblast – fetal endothelium - fetal connective tissue

13. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 3. By the end of the first trimester what is the correct order of extraembryonic membranes and tissues (starting on the fetal side): a mnion – chorion – decidua capsularis – decidua pariatalis c horion – amnion - decidua capsularis – decidua pariatalis amnion – chorion – decidua pariatalis - decidua capsularis decidua capsularis – chorion –amnion– decidua pariatalis

14. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 3. By the end of the first trimester what is the correct order of extraembryonic membranes and tissues (starting on the fetal side): a mnion – chorion – decidua capsularis – decidua pariatalis c horion – amnion - decidua capsularis – decidua pariatalis amnion – chorion – decidua pariatalis - decidua capsularis decidua capsularis – chorion –amnion– decidua pariatalis

15. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 4 . In the third trimester what cell types line the spiral arteries at the maternal-fetal interface endothelium vascular smooth muscle fibroblast trophoblast

16. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 4 . In the third trimester what cell types line the spiral arteries at the maternal-fetal interface endothelium vascular smooth muscle fibroblast trophoblast

17. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 5. What statement about the umbilical cord vasculature is correct: The umbilical vein carries oxygenated nutrient depleted blood to the fetus The umblical vein carries oxygenated nutrient rich blood to the fetus The two umbilical arteries carry oxygenated nutrient rich blood to the fetus The two umbilical arteries oxygenated nutrient depleted blood to the placenta

18. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 5. What statement about the umbilical cord vasculature is correct: The umbilical vein carries oxygenated nutrient depleted blood to the fetus The umblical vein carries oxygenated nutrient rich blood to the fetus The two umbilical arteries carry oxygenated nutrient rich blood to the fetus The two umbilical arteries oxygenated nutrient depleted blood to the placenta

19. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 6 . What statement about hormonal changes during the third trimester of pregnancy compared to a non-pregnant state is correct: LH and FSH levels go up and thyrotropine and prolactin levels go down LH and FSH levels go up and thyrotropine and prolactin levels go up LH and FSH levels go down and thyrotropine and prolactin levels go down LH and FSH levels go down and thyrotropine and prolactin levels go up

20. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 6 . What statement about hormonal changes during the third trimester of pregnancy compared to a non-pregnant state is correct: LH and FSH levels go up and thyrotropine and prolactin levels go down LH and FSH levels go up and thyrotropine and prolactin levels go up LH and FSH levels go down and thyrotropine and prolactin levels go down LH and FSH levels go down and thyrotropine and prolactin levels go up

21. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 7 . Fill in the blank. The predominant immune cell type at the maternal-fetal interface,______________, are involved in spiral artery remodeling and immune toleration to the semiallogeneic fetus: Macrophages NK cells T-cells B-cells

22. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 7 . Fill in the blank. The predominant immune cell type at the maternal-fetal interface,______________, are involved in spiral artery remodeling and immune toleration to the semiallogeneic fetus: Macrophages NK cells T-cells B-cells

23. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 8. A heterosexual couple had no trouble conceiving a 1 st child. However, after 12 months of unprotected sex they have not been able to become pregnant a second time this. This is an example of: a)Subfertility b) Sterility c)Primary infertility d) Secondary infertility

24. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 8. A heterosexual couple had no trouble conceiving a 1 st child. However, after 12 months of unprotected sex they have not been able to become pregnant a second time this. This is an example of: a)Subfertility b) Sterility c)Primary infertility d) Secondary infertility

25. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 9 . A young man is infertile. He is tall, slim, has hypogonadism, and blood tests reveal he has low testerorone . A possible chromosomal explanation for his infertility could be: 45 (X,O) 47 trisomy chromosome 21 (X, Y) 47 (X,X,Y) None of the above

26. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 9 . A young man is infertile. He is tall, slim, has hypogonadism, and blood tests reveal he has low testerorone . A possible chromosomal explanation for his infertility could be: 45 (X,O) 47 trisomy chromosome 21 (X, Y) 47 (X,X,Y) None of the above

27. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 10. Which of the following hormones is elevated in females approaching menopause compared to females who have normal menstrual cycles? Estrogens Progesterone Inhibin FSH

28. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 10. Which of the following hormones is elevated in females approaching menopause compared to females who have normal menstrual cycles? Estrogens Progesterone Inhibin FSH

29. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 11. Which of the following hormone entities is LOWEST in males aged 70-79 compared to males aged 20-29? Free testosterone LH FSH Total testosterone

30. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 11. Which of the following hormone entities is LOWEST in males aged 70-79 compared to males aged 20-29? Free testosterone LH FSH Total testosterone

31. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 12. A man has a mutation in a protein essential for sperm binding to the cumulous-oocyte complex. What artificial reproductive technology could be used so that the man could become a biologic father? Intracytoplasmic sperm injection Artificial insemination In vitro fertilization Ovarian hyperstimulation

32. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 12. A man has a mutation in a protein essential for sperm binding to the cumulous-oocyte complex. What artificial reproductive technology could be used so that the man could become a biologic father? Intracytoplasmic sperm injection Artificial insemination In vitro fertilization Ovarian hyperstimulation

33. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 13. A man begins unknowingly ingesting a xenobiotic as an adult that alters GNRH receptor function, and causes his testes to shrink. This is an example of: Primary hypogonadism Testicular trauma Secondary hypogonadism Klinefelter syndrome

34. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 13. A man begins unknowingly ingesting a xenobiotic as an adult that alters GNRH receptor function, and causes his testes to shrink. This is an example of: Primary hypogonadism Testicular trauma Secondary hypogonadism Klinefelter syndrome

35. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 14. Which of the following is an example of how gametes are damaged during the cryopreservation process: Membrane folding from cell volume reduction Activation of transcription factors necessary embryo cell cleavage Electrolyte gain Loss of all tyrosine receptor kinases

36. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 14. Which of the following is an example of how gametes are damaged during the cryopreservation process: Membrane folding from cell volume reduction Activation of transcription factors necessary embryo cell cleavage Electrolyte gain Loss of all tyrosine receptor kinases

37. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 15. What is the best method to preserve fertility in a pre-pubescent female: Ovarian hyperstimulation Embryo cryopreservation Cryopreservation of strips of ovarian cortical tissue Transvaginal oocyte retrieval

38. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 15. What is the best method to preserve fertility in a pre-pubescent female: Ovarian hyperstimulation Embryo cryopreservation Cryopreservation of strips of ovarian cortical tissue Transvaginal oocyte retrieval

39. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 16. Scientists use CRISPR-CAS9 in vitro genomic DNA editing to constitutively express a protein in embryos that will ensure implantation. This is an example of: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Preimplantation genetic screening Embryo selection Embryo modification

40. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 16. Scientists use CRISPR-CAS9 in vitro genomic DNA editing to constitutively express a protein in embryos that will ensure implantation. This is an example of: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis Preimplantation genetic screening Embryo selection Embryo modification

41. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 17. Developmental exposure to external factors such as poor nutrition and exposure to xenobiotics can lead to altered later-in-life health outcomes. This occurs through: Epigenetic mechanisms DNA mutations X-chromosome inactivation Somatic chromosome aneuploidy

42. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 17. Developmental exposure to external factors such as poor nutrition and exposure to xenobiotics can lead to altered later-in-life health outcomes. This occurs through: Epigenetic mechanisms DNA mutations X-chromosome inactivation Somatic chromosome aneuploidy

43. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 18. The risks of artificial reproductive technologies are still unknown because: The rate of DNA mutation following IVF has not been elucidated The oldest individuals born from IVF are approximately 50 years of age There are no risks of using ART None of the above

44. Multiple Choice Sample Questions: 18. The risks of artificial reproductive technologies are still unknown because: The rate of DNA mutation following IVF has not been elucidated The oldest individuals born from IVF are approximately 50 years of age There are no risks of using ART None of the above