REPORTED SPEECH FOR PRACTICE WITH STUDENTS

REPORTED SPEECH FOR THOSE WHO WANT PT PRACTICE THE USE OF THIS GRAMMAR

1. UPPER INTERMEDIATE

2. Reported Speech When we use reported speech, we are referring to something that was either by ourselves or by someone else in the past (gossip?). An example of this might be: He said that he was going shopping.

3. always remember to change the PRONOUNS , expressions of TIME and PLACE RULES 1- BACKSHIFT (verb tense change): GO BACK ONE TIME

4. EXCEPTIONS TO THE VERB TENSE CHANGES: A- FACTS Ex: Copernicus “ The Earth revolves around the Sun.” Copernicus said The Earth revolves around the Sun. B- INFORMATION IS UNCHANGED Ex: The lecturer said , “ Sea temperatures are rising .” The lecturer told us ( that ) sea temperatures are rising . C- INFORMATION HAPPENED RECENTLY Ex: “ I’ ll tell you tomorrow , ” she said . SAME DAY She said she will tell me tomorrow . D- INFORMATION CONTAINS MODALS would , could , might , ought to or must for deduction Ex: She said , “I think he must be late.” She said she thought he mus t be late. E- INFORMATION CONTAINS PAST PERFECT Ex: She said , “I had already been invited .” She said she had already been invited .

5. Changes in pronouns:

6. Changes in expressions of time and place:

7. Changes in expressions of time and place:

8. SAY x TELL She said that she was tired. She told him that she was tired.

9. o ther verbs used in reported speech

10. o ther verbs used in reported speech

11. REPORTED QUESTIONS A) YES/NO Questions Use IF / WHETHER Ex: She asked , “ Can we go ?” She asked if / whether we could go . B) W/H QUESTIONS Simply change it to the statement word order (subject + verb) Ex: She asked , “ Where have you been ? aux + subj. + verb She asked where I had been . subj. + aux + verb CHANGE VERB TENSE + OTHER CHANGES DO NOT USE AUXILIARY DO Ex: “Do you want to go?” “She asked me IF I wanted to go.” WORD ORDER

12. REPORTED IMPERATIVES verbs changes to the INFINITIVE (reporting verb + object + infinitive to) Ex: He said, “ Don’t walk on the grass!” He ordered me not to walk on the grass. Ex: “ Don’t walk home so late. It’s dangerous.” She begged me not to walk home so late. Ex: “Please open your suitcase”, said the customs official. The customs official asked me to open my suitcase. Ex: The mother said, “ Put away your toys, Johnny”. The mother asked Johnny to put away his toys.