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1. THE STANDARD CITATION AND REFERENCING STYLE & ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH WRITING

2. OBJECTIVES: At the end of this chapter, the students will be able to: Differentiate the various styles of research writing; and use the various styles of research writing discuss the importance of observing the ethical standards of ethical writing; and define plagiarism and identify ways to avoid it 2

3. THE STANDARD CITATION AND REFERENCING STYLE

4. General Writing Tips: 1. Other literature reviews and related articles should be used as guide quotations. 2. Using the first person should be avoided. 3. Using colloquial, informal, or slang words, should be limited to specific cases only. Academically sound language should be used. 4. The paper should be organized according to topics and not by chronology. 5. It should be concise. 6. Revise and rewrite. 7. It is imperative to develop good citation habits.

5. GENERAL WRITING STYLE FORMAT TIPS 1. If name(s) are the first part of the citation, they are capitalized and listed (i.e., last name first, and then the initials of the first name/s). 2. Separate names with a comma, and use an ampersand (&) before the last author. 3. Use Ed. for one editor and Eds. for multiple editors. 4. Capitalize the first word in titles and subtitles, and proper names. 5. Place of publication should include the name of the city. 6. If you are citing a book chapter or section you must indicate the pages. Use p. for a single page and pp. for multiple pages. 7. Put a space after the p. and put a dash (-) between the numbers.

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8. The discipline of History uses Turabian format for citing sources. The Turabian format is a derivative of the Chicago style. This style utilizes footnotes in citing sources in-text instead of parenthetical citations. These footnotes are used in conjunction with bibliographic entries. Chicago/Turabian Referencing Guide

9. Some of the major differences between the formats are as follows: • Indentation: The first line of a footnote is indented, while subsequent lines are not, Conversely, the first line of a bibliographic citation is not indented, while subsequent lines are. • Name order: Footnotes list author as first name, last name, whereas bibliographic citations list author as last name, first name. • Punctuation: Footnotes use more commas and bibliographic citations use more periods.

10. The following examples of the most commons types of citations are taken/ adapted directly from the 8th edition (2013) of the Turabian Manual. Formats for footnotes/endnotes are indicated by letter N and formats for a bibliographic entry are indicated by letter B.

11. ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH WRITING

12. It is a common belief that any written work, be it a book, magazine article, research paper for a degree program, or even a research paper for an agency, is the intellectual property of the author. The following reminders must be taken into account for ethical research writing: 1. Honesty with professional colleagues Report findings with complete honesty. Do not intentionally misinform, mislead, and/or misinterpret. Give appropriate credit when using other people's work. Avoid plagiarism by fully acknowledging all contents belonging to others. ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH WRITING

13. 2. Protection from Harm a. Researchers should not expose their participants to physical or psychological harm. b. Participants should not be exposed to unusual stress, embarrassment, or loss of selk . esteem as a result of their participation. estese the study contains a certain amount of stress or psychological discomfor , the participants should be aware of it and must explicity express their consent to participate. 3. Right to privacy Researchers should protect the privacy of their participants. b. The nature and quality of individual participant's performance should be kept strictly confidential.

14. According to Carver et al. (2011), "plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit, including those obtained through confidential review of others' research proposals and manuscripts." Plagiarism is considered as the most common form of scientific misconduct. ON PLAGIARISM

15. Self-plagiarism in which the author copies large parts of one of their previous manuscripts word for word. Duplicate plagiarism in which the author submits a previously-published work as if it is an original manuscript. Based on the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or RA 8293, the term. "Published works" means works which, with the consent of the authors, are made available to the public in such a way that these works can be sourced from a place and time individually chosen by them. 18 2 Forms of Plagiarism:

16. Furthermore, as stated in Section 178 of RA B293 or the Rules on Copyright Ownership, copyright ownership shall be governed by the following rules. 1. In the case of original literary and artistic works, copyright shall belong to the author of 2. In the case of works of joint authorship, the co-authors shall be the original owners of the copyright and in the absence of agreement, their rights shall be governed by the rules on co- ownership. 3. If, however, a work of joint authorship consists of parts that can be used separately and the author of each part can be identified, the author of each part shall be the original owner of the copyright of that part that he has created.

17. The following are considered acts of plagiarism: 1. When an individual is claiming that he/ she is the author or originator of another person's work 2. When copying the whole written work or even words, ideas, or sentences from someone without ackn 3. When one fails to put quote marks on a quotation or excerpt from an outside source 4. When one gives incorrect information about the source of a quotation 5. When changing words or ideas from a source without giving credit to the real author or source 6. When changing words but conveying the idea and using the sentence structure of an original source without acknowledging the author.knowledging him/ her

18. WAYS OF AVOIDING PLAGIARISM It is the common error of most inexperienced researcher to copy the works of others. This is plagiarism. Plagiarism can be avoided by following these guidelines: 1. Citation. The complete source or reference must be placed after the copied phrase or sentence using the prescribed format of citations (e.g., APA, MLA, or Chicago/ Turabian style). 2. Paraphrasing. This is a process by which the information to be lifted is rephrased into one's own words or how you understood the information. 3. Quoting. When using materials from one's own former writings, one has to quote himself/ herself and cite it again or paraphrase to avoid self-plagiarism. 4. Referencing. This is done in conjunction with citations. The prescribed format must be followed for this.

19. On Authorship There are many issues regarding authorship such as when a beginner writer asks a professional author to edit the former's works and after editing the latter will include his/her name as one of the authors. The following are the different forms of authorships (Strange, 2011): Coercion authorship. This form uses intimidation to gain authorship. Honorary authorship. This is also called a guest or gift authorship accorded to an established author or friend, to gain favor, and/or to give the paper a greater sense of legitimacy.

20. 3. Mutual support authorship. Two or more investigators include their names as coauthors of each other's papers to enhance their perceived productivity. 4. Ghost authorship. This involves papers that are written by people who are not included as authors or are not acknowledged. 5. Denial of authorship. A work is published without acknowledging or bestowing authorship on people who made substantial contributions to the work.

21. Thank you!