REPP Module 3 biomass- Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms..pptx

Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms.
It most often refers to plants or plant-derived materials which are specifically called
lignocellulosic biomass.
As a renewable energy source, biomass can either
be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel.
Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified
into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods.
Biomass used as a fuel reduces need for fossil fuels for the production of heat, steam, and electricity for residential, industrial and agricultural use.
Biomass is always available and can be produced as a renewable resource.
Biomass fuel from agriculture wastes maybe a secondary product that adds value to agricultural crop.
Growing Biomass crops produce oxygen and use up carbon dioxide.
The use of waste materials reduce landfill disposal and makes more space for everything else.
Carbon Dioxide which is released when Biomass fuel is burned, is taken in by plants.
Less money spent on foreign oil.
Biomass used as a fuel reduces need for fossil fuels for the production of heat, steam, and electricity for residential, industrial and agricultural use.
Biomass is always available and can be produced as a renewable resource.
Biomass fuel from agriculture wastes maybe a secondary product that adds value to agricultural crop.
Growing Biomass crops produce oxygen and use up carbon dioxide.
The use of waste materials reduce landfill disposal and makes more space for everything else.
Carbon Dioxide which is released when Biomass fuel is burned, is taken in by plants.
Less money spent on foreign oil.
Biomass used as a fuel reduces need for fossil fuels for the production of heat, steam, and electricity for residential, industrial and agricultural use.
Biomass is always available and can be produced as a renewable resource.
Biomass fuel from agriculture wastes maybe a secondary product that adds value to agricultural crop.
Growing Biomass crops produce oxygen and use up carbon dioxide.
The use of waste materials reduce landfill disposal and makes more space for everything else.
Carbon Dioxide which is released when Biomass fuel is burned, is taken in by plants.
Less money spent on foreign oil.
Biomass used as a fuel reduces need for fossil fuels for the production of heat, steam, and electricity for residential, industrial and agricultural use.
Biomass is always available and can be produced as a renewable resource.
Biomass fuel from agriculture wastes maybe a secondary product that adds value to agricultural crop.
Growing Biomass crops produce oxygen and use up carbon dioxide.
The use of waste materials reduce landfill disposal and makes more space for everything else.
Carbon Dioxide which is released when Biomass fuel is burned, is taken in by plants.
Less money spent on foreign oil.
Biomass used as a fuel reduces need for fossil fuels for the prod

1. Renewable Energy Power Plants 21ME652 Module- 3 Energy from Biomass SUKRUTH SAGAR B P Asst. Professor Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ATMECE , Mysuru

2. Biomass Energy Sources Bio m ass i s b i o l og i c a l m a t er i al der i v e d from living , or recently living organisms. It m ost oft e n r ef e r s t o p l an t s or p l an t -der i ved m a t er i a l s wh i ch are spec i fi c a lly c a l l e d lignocellulosic biomass. As a renewable energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classifie d into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods.

3. Biomass Energy Cycle

4. Benefits of using Biomass Biomass used as a fuel reduces need for fossil fuels for the production of heat, steam , and electricity for residential, industrial and agricultural use. Biomass is always available and can be produced as a renewable resource. Biomass fuel from agriculture wastes maybe a secondary product that adds value to agricultural crop. Growing Biomass crops produce oxygen and use up carbon dioxide. The use of waste materials reduce landfill disposal and makes more space for everything else. Carbon Dioxide which is released when Biomass fuel is burned, is taken in by plants . Less money spent on foreign oil.

5. Advantages Renewable energy resource. Using biomass energy reduce the dependence on foreign oil. The pollutant emissions from combustion of biomass are usually lower than those from fossil fuel. Reduce the problems of waste disposal in urban areas and industry. T he nit r ogen r i c h bio dige s ted s lu r ry s erves a s a ve r y good s oil conditioner and also improves the fertility of the soil. varying capacity can be installed.

6. Disadvantages Low energy density. Co s t of collect i ng la r ge quanti t ies f or c o m m e r cial applic a tion is significant. Not suitable for varying loads. Not feasible to set up at all locations .

7. Energy Plantation Energy plantation is a process of producing energy . Currently, fossil fuels re present the prime energy sources in the world. By growing plants we can extract maximum solar energy, these are economical and free from pollution. Energy farms are one of the best alternatives for present fuel crisis and to replace fossil and nuclear energy sources.

8. Bio gas generation Decomposition of Animal wastes , human wastes, agricultural wastes, waste of aquatic origin and industrial wastes generates biogas. Biogas is a mixture of Methane (50 to 65 %), Carbon dioxide (30 to 40%) and also traces of Hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide and Nitrogen. Biogas is a slow burning gas with Calorific value varies between 21000 to 23000 KJ/Kg .

9. Bio gas generation Biogas is mainly used for cooking applications and has been popularly known as GOBAR GAS. Cow dung , poultry droppings are effectively used for biogas generation Biogas is produced by DIGESTION and PYROLYSIS Process. DIGESTION : is a biological process that occurs in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of ANAEROBIC organisms .

10. Bio gas generation The cont a iner i n which dige s tion proce s s tak e s pla c e is known as DIGESTER . T ypes of organic decomposition : 1) AEROBIC DECOMPOSTION ( Presence of oxygen)- The bacteria which grow in the presence of OXYGEN are called AEROBIC. 2) A N AEROBIC DECO M P O STION ( Abs e nce of o x y gen)- T he ba c t e ria which grow in the absence of OXYGEN are called ANAEROBIC.

11. Bio gas generation FERMENTATION: FERMENTATION is a process of chemical change in organic matter brought about by living organisms .

12. STAGE I- Hydrolysis - The organic matter containing complex compounds like carbohydrates, proteins, fats etc., is broken down through the influence of water . STAGE II- ACID FORMING- The micro-organisms of anaerobic acid, forms and produce acetic and propionic acids . This stage is also takes about one day at 65 o C and much of Carbon dioxide released in this stage .

13. Bio gas generation Methane forming- Anaerobic bacteria also known as Methane formers slowly digest the products available from STAGE-II to produce METHANE, carbon dioxide and small amount of hydrogen and other gases. This process takes about two weeks to complete at 25 o C . in this stage methane formation stage is carried out by the action of Anaerobic bacteria.

14. Types of Biogas Plants F loa t ing Dr u m T y pe /KVIC (Khadi village industries co m m i s s ion) M odel / constant pressure type biogas plant. Fixed Dome type / janata Model/ constant Volume type biogas plant.

15. Floating Drum type Biogas Plant

16. Floating Drum type Biogas Plant

17. Characteristics of Floating drum type Biogas Plant

18. Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages: High gas yield No problem of gas leakage Works under constant pressure naturally No problem of mixing of biogas with external air thus no danger of explosion Disadvatages: High installation cost Heat is lost through metal gas holder Requires painting of drums to avoid corrosion at least twice a year Requires maintenance of pipes and joints

19. Fixed Dome type Biogas Plant

20. Fixed Dome type Biogas Plant Both gas holder and the digester are combined. Drum less type but similar to Floating drum model except steel drum a fixed dome roof of masonry construction. The dome roof in this model requires specialised design and skilled masonry construction. Skilled masons are required and complete plant is constructed below the ground level.

21. Comparison FEATURE FLOATING DRUM FIXED DOME TYPE COST More due to steel drum Less CORROSION YES NO MAINTENANCE MORE (Painting and flexible pipes) Less THERMAL INSULATION Bad (Heat loss due to steel drum) Good GAS PRESSURE Constant variable Masonry workmanship Average skill Specialized, skilled masons are required.

22. Factors affecting Biogas generation (Problems) PH/hydrogen ion generation Low Temperature. Loading rate. Uniform feeding. Diameter to depth ratio. Nutrients Total solid content. Retention time. Toxicity and pressure.

23. Applications Food processing Hotels/Restaurants Textile dyeing Village electrification Tea/coffee processing Galvanizing furnaces Charcoal production Plywood industries Silk dyeing Pumping and irrigation. Etc.,

24. Application of bio-gas in engines: Biogas in Diesel Engine applications Biogas generally has a high self-ignition temperature hence; it cannot be directly used in a CI engine. So it is useful in dual fuel engines. The dual fuel engine is a modified diesel engine in which usually a gaseous fuel called the primary fuel is inducted with air into the engine cylinder. This fuel and air mixture does not auto ignite due to high octane number. A small amount of diesel, usually called pilot fuel is injected for promoting combustion.

25. Biogas in Dual Fuel Engine applications In this case, the normal diesel fuel injection system still supplies a certain amount of diesel fuel. The engine however sucks and compresses a mixture of air and biogas fuel which has been prepared in external mixing device. The mixture is then ignited by and together with the diesel fuel sprayed in.

26. Biogas As Alternate Fuel In Diesel Engines Operation on diesel fuel alone is possible when biogas is not available . Any contribution of biogas from 0% to 85% can substitute a corresponding part of diesel fuel. Performance remains as in 100% diesel fuel operation .

27. Biogas in HCCI Engine applications The Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) concept is a potential for achieving a high thermal efficiency and low Nitrogen Oxide (NO) emission. The HCCI engine with 50 % biogas as a primary fuel and 50% diesel as pilot fuel is a major advantage over biogas diesel dual fuel mode.

28. Cogeneration Plant ( Biogas) Cogeneration is the production of electricity and heat out of biogas . The cogeneration module consists of an engine which actuates an alternator - generator of electric current. Biologically-derived gases can be utilised in biogas engines to generate renewable power via  cogeneration  in the form of electricity and heat.

29. Biomass Gasification Gasification is a process of converting raw biomass in to a variety of gaseous , liquid or solid fuels that can be used directly in a power plant for energy generation. Gasifier: it is an equipment which can gasify a variety of biomass such as wood waste, agricultural waste, roots of various crops etc., The gasifier is essentially a chemical reaction , where various complex physical and chemical process takes place.

30. T y p e s o f G as i f i e r s Up draught gasifier : Air entry is below the combustion zone and producer gas escapes from top of gasifier. Suitable for charcoal in stationary engines Down draught gasifier: Air entry is at the combustion zone and gas escapes through the bottom of gasifier. Suitable for wood and agricultural wastes. Cross draught gasifier: Gasifier contains charcoal which acts as insulator and dust filter. the gas flows around the gasifier in the annular space.

31. Up Draught gasifier

32. Up Draught gasifier

33. Down Draught gasifier

34. Cross Draught gasifier

35. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans (Fungi) use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate) , the "fuel" used by all living things. The conversion of unusable sunlight energy into usable chemical energy, is associated with the actions of the green pigment chlorophyll. 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 ------> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

36. Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies W a s t e The rmochem i c a l Processes Biochemical Processes Gasifi c a ti o n P y r o l y sis F erme nta ti o n Anaerobic Digestion Incineration Electricity Gas or Fuel Heavy oil E t h a no l B i o g as

37. Types of Biofuels Solid Biofuels : Such as wood can be directly burnt, and heat could be utilized. Liquid Biofuels : Such as ethanol (fermentation of starch or sugar) used directly and blended with gasoline to run an IC engine. Or as Biodiesel (made from oily seeds like Palm, Pongemia, Jathropa etc.) blended with diesel for use in IC engines. Gaseous Biofuels : Such as Biogas: Methane produced by breakdown of organic matter by anaerobic bacteria.

38. 21me --- Energy from Biomass: Energy plantation , biogas production from organic wastes by anaerobic fermentation , description of bio-gas plants , transportation of biogas, problems associated with bio-gas production , application of biogas, application of biogas in engines, cogeneration plant, advantages & disadvantages. 18me --- Biomass Energy: Photosynthesis, photosynthetic oxygen production, energy plantation . Bio Chemical Route: Biogas production from organic wastes by anaerobic fermentation , Bio gas plants-KVIC , Janta , Deenbhandu models, factors affecting bio gas generation . Thermal gasification of biomass, updraft and downdraft