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T h e h u m a n b o d y i s a c o m p l e x a n d
sophisticated biological system that is made
u p o f trillions o f cells, tissues, o rg a n s , a n d
o r g a n s y s t e m s . I t i s t h e p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r e t h a t
h o u s e s o u r mind, personality, a n d soul, a n d
e n a b l e s u s t o i n t e r a c t w i t h t h e w o r l d a r o u n d
u s .
T h e b o d y i s c o m p o s e d o f various systems,
e a c h o f w h i c h h a s a s p e c i f i c f u n c t i o n a n d
w o r k s t o g e t h e r t o maintain homeostasis,
w h i c h i s t h e s t a b l e a n d b a l a n c e d i n t e r n a l
environment of the body.
T H E H U M A N
B O D Y
S o m e o f t h e m a j o r s y s t e m s i n t h e b o d y i n c l u d e
t h e skeletal system, muscular system, n e r v o u s
system, circulatory system, respiratory system,
digestive system, and endocrine system.
Each of these systems has its unique
s t r u c t u r e s a n d f u n c t i o n s t h a t a l l o w u s t o
perform various tasks such a s walking, talking,
breathing, a n d digesting food.
Understanding t h e h u m a n b o d y i s critical f o r
maintaining g o o d health a n d f o r treating
illnesses a n d injuries.
L E V E L S O F O R G A N I Z A T I O N
The human b o d y can b e organized i n t o several levels o f structural complexity, e a c h of which
is characterized b y unique features a n d functions. These levels of organization include:
1. Chemical level: This is t h e most basic level of organization, and i t involves the study of a t o m s
a n d molecules t h a t m a k e u p t h e h u m a n b o d y, s u c h a s proteins, carbohydrates, a n d lipids.
2. Cellular level: This level o f organization involves the s t u d y o f cells, which a r e t h e smallest
functional units of the body. Cells perform various functions, such a s nutrient uptake, waste
elimination, a n d energy production.
3. Tissue level: Tissues a r e g r o u p s o f cells t h a t w o r k together t o perform a specific function. There
are four main types of tissues in the body: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
4. Organ level: Organs a r e m a d e u p o f t w o o r m o r e t y p e s o f tissues t h a t work t o g e t h e r t o perform
a specific function. Examples o f organs i n t h e h u m a n b o d y include t h e heart, lungs, liver, a n d
brain.
5. System level: Systems are groups of organs that work together t o perform a specific function.
For example, the respiratory system includes the lungs, trachea, bronchi, a n d other organs that
w o r k t o g e t h e r t o facilitate b r e a t h i n g .
6. Organismal level: This is the highest level o f organization, and i t involves the study of t h e human
b o d y a s a whole. All t h e levels o f organization w o r k together t o maintain homeostasis a n d
ensure t h a t t h e b o d y functions properly.
L E V E L S O F O R G A N I Z A T I O N
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cells Ti

1. Biologywith Ma’am Gene Baňaga

2. Romans 12:6-8
"We have different gifts, according to the
grace given to each of us. If your gift is
prophesying, then prophesy in accordance
with your faith; if it is serving, then serve;
if it is teaching, then teach; if it is to
encourage, then give encouragement; if it
is giving, then give generously; if it is to
lead, do it diligently; if it is to show mercy,
do it cheerfully”.

3. What is it that defineslife? What does it
mean to be alive? How can we tell that one
thing is alive and another is not?

4. All living things, whether
unicellular (one-celled) or
multicellular (multi-celled), are
made up of cells which are
considered the fundamental units
of life.
1. Cellular basis of life

5. 2. Biological System
It refers to the complex system of parts
that form an organization with many
different properties based on the
arrangement and interconnection of
these parts.

6. Morphology and physiology help describe
many biological systems and processes.
The different structures that makeup living
organisms have parts that work
harmoniously together to allow the
organism to perform its role in the
environment and to survive.
3. Structure and Function

7. 4. Homeostasis/ Regulation
Living organisms regulate their internal
environment to maintain the relatively
narrow range of conditions needed for
cell function. Homeostasisis maintaining
a stable internal environment, even in the
face of a changing external environment

8. The continuity of life depends on the
inheritance of biological information
in the form of DNA molecules.
Offspring resemble their parents
because they inherit the same units
of gene information from their
parents.
5. Reproduction and
Inheritance

9. Living things must use energy and
consume nutrients to sustain life's
chemical reactions.
Metabolismis the sum of all biochemical
reactions occurring in an organism.
6. Metabolism

10. Ecology deals with the interactions of
living organisms with one another and
their environment. The abiotic
(nonliving ) and biotic(living)
components interact with one another.
7. Interaction with the
Environment

11. Evolutionexplains the unity and diversity
of life. It explains the changes in
organisms over a long period of time.
Adaptationis a life-sustaining process by
which living organisms adjust to
environmental changes.
8. Evolution and Diversity

12. 9. Scientific Inquiry
The process of science includes
observation-based discovery and
the testing of explanations through
the hypothetic-deductive.

13. Many technologies are goal-oriented
applications of science. Through science,
humans learn about the solution to
various problems. The technology applies
scientific knowledge in new ways to make
our lives easier.
10. Science, Technology,
and Society

23. Exploring the Male
Reproductive System
The male reproductive system ensures
ensures sperm production and delivery
delivery. It also produces crucial male sex
. It
sex hormones.

26. Testes: Sperm and Testosterone Production
Sperm Production
The testes are oval-shaped organs. They
arein the scrotum and produce sperm
cells. These cells are essential for
fertilization.
Testosterone Production
Testes also produce testosterone.
This develops
This
male characteristics and
and regulates reproductive functions. It's
functions. It's vital for male health.

27. Scrotum: Temperature Regulation
1Protective Sac
The scrotum is a sac of skin. It hangs
hangs outside the body to
protect
protect
the testes.
the
2Temperature Control
It regulates testes temperature. This
This is necessary for proper sperm
sperm production. Optimal
temperature is crucial for fertility.

28. Epididymis: Sperm Maturation
Maturation and Storage
The epididymis is a coiled tube. It's located
located on the back of each testis.
It stores and matures sperm cells. This happens
happens before they are transported. Maturation is
Maturation is key for sperm function.

29. Vas Deferens: Sperm Transport
Long Tube
The vas deferens is a long tube. It carries
carries sperm from the epididymis.
Ejaculation
During ejaculation, sperm travel through
this tube. They mix with seminal fluid on
their way to the urethra.

30. Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland: Fluid Production
Seminal Vesicles
These glands produce seminal fluid. It provides
nutrients and energy for sperm. Seminal fluid is
crucial for sperm survival.
Prostate Gland
The prostate gland secretes a fluid. This fluid
fluid nourishes and protects sperm. It is a vital
vital component of semen.

31. Bulbourethral Glands:
Lubrication
Lubricating Fluid
These glands produce a clear fluid.
It's released before ejaculation.
Neutralization
This fluid neutralizes acidity in the urethra. It
urethra. It also provides lubrication for sperm
sperm passage.

32. Urethra and Penis: Final Pathways
Urethra
The urethra carries urine and semen.
During ejaculation, urine flow is blocked.
This allows only semen to pass.
Penis
The penis delivers sperm to the female
female reproductive system. Erectile
tissue allows for penetration during
intercourse.

41. •If sperm is not released due to a lack of sexual intercourse or
ejaculation, the body has natural mechanisms to manage this.
1.Reabsorption: Sperm cells that are not ejaculated are
eventually broken down and reabsorbed by the body. This
process occurs in the epididymis, where sperm are stored and
mature.
2.Nocturnal Emissions: Sometimes, the body may release sperm
through nocturnal emissions, commonly known as "wet
dreams." This is a natural way for the body to expel excess
sperm.
3.Continuous Production: The testes continuously produce
sperm throughout a man's life. The body maintains a balance
by producing new sperm and reabsorbing or expelling old
sperm.

42. Common Male Reproductive System Diseases
•Hypospadias–literally “below the fleshy spike.” A condition in which the external
urinary meatus (opening) opens anywhere below the tip of the penis rather than at the
tip.
•Hydrocele–a fluid filled sac partially surrounding the testis. Manifests itself as a
swelling on the side of the scrotum. May cause discomfort. Can be surgically corrected.
•Varicocele–dilated and twisted veins of the testis, sort of “hemorrhoids” of the
scrotum! Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum which may look and
feel like a “bag of worms.” May be surgically corrected if causing discomfort. This
condition may also cause reduced sperm count and male sterility due to sluggish blood
flow elevating testicular temperature.
•Cryptorchidism–literally “hidden testicle.” A condition of lack of descent of one or
both testes into the scrotum. If not corrected, usually by surgery, before puberty, can
lead to sterility and increased risk of testicular cancer.
•Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) –swelling of the prostate gland which surrounds
the base of the male bladder and urethra causing difficulty urinating, dribbling, and
nocturia. BPH becomes more common as men age.