Reprographic Equipment And Teaching Machines and Programmed Learning

Reprographic Equipment
Teaching Machines and Programmed Learning

1. SESSION#4

2. Unit#5,6

3. Unit#5 REPROGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT Objectives of Unit After reading the material of this unit, it is hoped that you will be able to: 1. Enlist the components of reprographic equipment. 2. Explain the process of spirit duplicating 3. Discuss the procedure of ink duplicating 4. Specify the process of photography and 5. Evaluate the process of photo-copying

4. Reprographic Equipment Reprographics is a blanket term encompassing multiple methods of reproducing content, such as scanning, photography, xerography and digital printing. The term applies to both physical (hard copy) and digital (soft copy) reproductions of documents and images reprography is the reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means, such as photography or xerography. Reprography is commonly used in catalogs and archives , as well as in the architectural, engineering and construction industries.

5. Advantage of Reprography Save money with half size prints. Single-step reduced 11”x17” or 8.5x11” pints can be ordered for distribution. Save on materials costs – you can print your originals on bond paper, as opposed to costly vellum. Save money on ink jet toner and coated paper – let us do your printing.

6. Counti -- Old style blue pages with white print can be scanned in reverse image, for hardcopy/softcopy output. Digital files can be made available to your internal networks. Our scanner compresses filed to a manageable size. Digital files save valuable storage space.

7. Photography In distance education, it is a fact that the rate of learning has increased by the help of augmenting variety of technologies. Television, as an audio visual medium, is one of the effective media in distance education by its characteristics like widespread coverage of audience, supplying equality of opportunity, transmitting the human resources to big audience mass. In distance education the lack of mutual interaction and face to face education are important. As well, another problem is to overcome the loneliness feeling of the students

8. Photocopying Photocopying has a great significance in the teaching learning processes. Multi-copies can immediately be made for the use in the classroom. Difference types of photocopying machines are available now-a-days in the market.

9. Duplicating Machine Duplicating machines were the predecessors of modern document – reproduction technology. They have low now been replaced by digital duplicators, scanners, laser printer and photocopies but for many years they were the primary means of reproducing documents for mass distribution.

10. Unit#6 TEACHING MACHINES AND PROGRAMMED LEARNING Objectives of Unit: After studying the material, it is hoped that you will be able to: 1. Explain the nature of teaching machines; 2. Identify the types of teaching machines; 3. Discuss the importance of programmed learning; and 4. Elaborate the role of computer assisted learning in distance education

11. The Nature of Teaching Machines Teaching machine is a device whereby the students are taught with the machine. Use of teaching machine has brought about a revaluation in the field of education. It is the result of educational researches. To make education more dynamic and interesting new researches are being done in this field. These researches have given birth to various devices and teaching machine is one of them. Teaching machine had been introduced by Sidney L. Pressed in 1920 in the educational field.

12. History of Teaching Machines The advent of teaching machines in the United Kingdom as forced many teachers to recognize the immense – potentialities of programmed learning. However, many have shown an unwillingness to participate in the movement because of certain natural fears which have resulted from an over-enthusiastic presentation of the advantages which teaching machines could bring to education. The aim of this chapter is to discuss some of the fears and difficulties which teachers naturally experience on the introduction into the schools of yet another aspect of technology, and, to try to establish a rational perspective.

13. Types of Teaching Machines Teaching machines can be divided into five main types according to their degree of sophistication and flexibility in terms of modes of presentations, forms of response, method of feedback and types of reinforcement. 1 . Simple Teaching Machines: taking the form of programmed textbooks: in the set he programme is presented in either liner or restricted branched from and the student either writes his answer or choose an answer which directs him to and page, as the student has complete freedom of access to the material, these drives are not cheat proof and there is of a tendency, in uncontrolled situations, for the students not the follow the instructions of the author. Examples of these are Holland and skinner’s analysis of behavior, the tutor text series and terrace series.

14. Counti --- 2. Simple Manually Operated Teaching Machines: these can employ linear or simple branching sequences. The programmes material is presented in such a waythat the student does not have been free access to it so that he is required to follow the presented introduction and cheating is normally eliminated. Examples of this type of machine are the disk or the min-max, the discoverer , the concept-o-graph, the instructor and the Aberdeen machines.

15. Counti --- 3. Electrically Operated Teaching Machines: employing 35mm, projection techniques : these machines ensure that the student obeys the operating instructions and makes a definite over response. They virtually elimination the possibility of cheating , because the programme is presented on film, a very large number of frames can be stored in the machine and has a consequence, branching techniques can be employed. Examples of such machines are the auto-tutor marks I and II, the Grundy-Tutor and the Redi -Tutor

16. Counti --- 4. Electrically Operated Machines: This allow a variety of presentations and responses linear or branching sequences can be employed in this type of machine and constructed or multiple of these machines is that fact can be presented to the student through a variety of media such as film, film-strip, synchronized tape recorders, animated model or written text. Similarly the students’ response can take form of a written oral or manipulation activity. Such machines other tremendous flexibility to the programme an example is the Lamson “Empirical” tutor.

17. Counti --- 5. Complex Computer-Centered Machines: These are in the very early stages of development and are restricted, for the use of a computer to control a battery of presentation . Examples of such systems are the university of Illionis “Plato II” machine , which uses a multi-million dollar IIIiac computer as a centre control of and can handle 128 students at one time, and Saki, the self-adaptive keyboard instructor.

18. Programmed Learning The programmed learning emerged out of experimental researches on operant conditioning . It incorporates the principle of operant conditioning in human learning. The basic principle of operant conditioning may be summarized as the principle of reinforcement to effect behavioral changes in successive approximation to the desired goal . The total behavior is broken into meaningful operands which are chained together to form the whole. Programmed learning and programmes instruction have been used interchangeable in the literature.

19. Principles of Programmed Learning We have briefly mentioned the development of programmed learning in historical perspective and compared programmed learning and traditional method. It is in the fitness of things to analyzed the principles of programmed learning . Five Principals of Programmed Learning: 1. Active Learner response To what extent learner can understand is judged by making him/her answer questions . The extent of a learner’s understanding is ascertained from what is demonstrated in the responses.

20. Counti -- 2. Immediate Feedback Let a learner know whether his/hr answer is correct or incorrect immediately. Give the learner the sub-segment question after his/her known his/her response is right or wrong. 3 . Small Steps Set small steps in order to prevent a learner from stumbling as much as possible, when he/she makes a mistake there is the risk of being labeled a failure.

21. Counti ---- 4. Self Pacing Let the learner decide the speed of learning so that he/she can learn at his/her own pace . Consider that an appropriate speed varies from learner to learner. 5 . Learner Verification Whether the program is good or bad is judged not based on a specialists opinions but when weather learning is actually established or not. To that end get learners who have yet to learners the subject matter to try the program under development. Based on the trials improve the material is necessary

22. Computer Assisted Instructions Computer assisted instruction, abbreviated as CAI, is a term that refers to interactive instructional strategies that use computers to convey and teach instructional material to students, as well as monitor their learning. Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) is to convey a vast amount of information in a very short period of time. It is a powerful method of reinforcing concepts and topics first introduced to you through your assisted learning and in a powerful way to comprehend complex concepts. Types of CAI 1. Logo 2. Stimulation 3. Controlled Learning

23. Advantages of CAI Instruct large number of students simultaneously Reduces the work load of teachers Multiple dimensional learning Recording , reviewing and ready reference Interactive Active learning Immediate feedback

24. Problem Solving Problem solving presents material in such a way as to develop problem solving rationale this approach helps children develop specific problem solving skills and strategies. Usually , focuses on a specific type of problem solving and provides practice on a number of varieties of problems. Problem solving applications sometime focus on specific topics area and they are designed to promote problem solving abilities.

25. Merits of Programmed Learning A well programmed instruction is a great thrust in the direction of individualized instruction , as it is tailored to the needs of the individual learner in the class. Since a programme requires continues response from the learner, it overcomes the inertia and passivity on the part of the learner. The teacher can give explanation in the classroom if the error is common or he may arrange individual conferences on specific points. A well programmed instruction is a great thrust in the direction of individualstudents of the class.

26. Counti --- The introduction of programmed as it is tailored to categorized to the needs of the developing countries which are set on the path of education millions of learners and are short of teachers. Programme instruction enables the teacher to diagnosis the of the individual learner. Certain mirror skills and intellectual abilities normally taught by frequent drills and rate memorization can be very efficiently taught by self instructional devices.

27. Question/ Answer THE END THANKS