Research approaches and designs

nursing research approaches and designs published on 3/5/17 based on nursing syllabus.

1. RESEARCH APPROACHES AND DESIGNS

2. RESEARCH DESIGN IS A PLAN OF HOW, WHEN AND WHERE DATA ARE TO BE COLLECTED AND ANALYZED. RESEARCH DESIGN IS THE RESEARCH’S OVERALL PLAN FOR ANSWERING THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR TESTING THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESE. IT IS THE MASTER PLAN SPECIFYING THE METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR COLLECTING AND ANALYZING THE NEEDED INFORMATION IN A RESEARCH STUDY. DEFINITION

3. . ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN THE APPROCH METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS POPULATION, SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE TOOLS AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION TIMES AND PLACE OF DATA COLLECTION QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE OR BOTH WITH/WITH OUT A CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

4. IT INVOLVES THE DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAN TO INVETIGATE THE PHENOMENON UNDER STUDY IN A STRUCTURED(QUANTITATIVE), UNSTRUCTURED(QUALITATIVE) OR A COMBINATION OF THE TWO METHODS (QUALITATIVE&QUANTITATIVE). THE APPROACH

5. POPULATION, SAMPLE, AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE. THE TIME, PLACE, AND SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION. TOOLS AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION. METHODS OF THE DATA ANALYSIS. FACTORS OF RESEARCH APPROACH

6. THE SELECTION OF A RESEARCH DESIGN LARGELY DEPENDS ON THE NATURE OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM, THE RESEARCH AVAILABLE, ACCESSIBLE OF SUBJECTS, AND RESEARCH ETHICS. SELECTION OF RESEARCH DESIGN

7. NATURE OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM PURPOSE OF THE STUDY RESEARCH’S KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE RESEARCHER’S INTEREST AND MOTIVATION RESEARCH ETHICS AND PRINCIPLES SUBJECTS/PARTICIPANTS RESOURCES TIME POSSIBLE CONTROL ON EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES USERS OF THE STUDY FINDINGS FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF RESEARCH DESIGN

8. THERE ARE TWO IMPORTANT CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE CREDIBILITY AND DEPENDABILITY OF THE RESEARCH RESULTS INTERNAL VALIDITY EXTERNAL VALIDITY VALIDITY OF RESEARCH DESIGNS

9. CAMPBELL AND STANLEY USED THE TERM INTERNAL VALIDITY TO REFER TO THE EXTENT TO WHICH IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE AN INFERENCE THAT THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS TRULY INFLUENCING THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE. INTERNAL VALIDITY

10. EXTERNAL VALIDITY EXPLORES THE GENERALIZATION BEYOND SPECIFIC EXPERIMENT’S TO CHECK IF THE RESULT AND FINDING COME OUT TO BE SAME WITH OTHER SETTING OR WITH OTHER SUBJECT POPULATION, BUT RELATED VARIABLES. EXTERNAL VALIDITY

11. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN QUALITATITIVE RESEARCH DESIGN TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

12. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN OTHER ADDITIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN

13. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN EXPERIMENTALRESEARCH DESIGN TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PRE- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

14. ACCORDING TO RILEY, EXPRIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN IS A POWERFUL DESIGN FOR TESTING HYPOTHSESE OF CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP AMONG VARIABLES. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

15. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS ARE THOSE WHERE RESEARCHERS HAVE COMPLETE CONTROL OVER THE EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES AND CAN PERDICT CONFIDENTLY THAT THE OBSERVED EFFECT ON THE DEPENDABLE VARIABLE IS ONLY DUE TO THE MANIPULATION OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

16. MANIPULATION, CONTROL, RANDOMIZATION. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS

17. TYPES TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN POST- TEST ONLY PRETEST POST-TEST ONLY SOLOMON 4 GROUP FACTORIAL RANDOMIZED BLOCK CROSSOVER

18. POST-TEST ONLY CONTROL DESIGN RANDOM ASSIGNMENT EXP.GROUP TREATMENT POST-TEST CONTROL GROUP POST-TEST

19. PRETEST- POSTTEST- ONLY DESIGN RANDOM ASSIGNMENT EXP.GROUP PRE TEST POST-TEST TREATMENT CONTROL GROUP PRE TEST POST-TEST

20. SOLOMON FOUR- GROUP DESIGN RANDOM ASSIGNMENT EXP.GROUP.1 PRE TEST TREATMENT POST-TEST CONTROL GROUP.1 PRE TEST POST-TEST EXP.GROUP.2 TREATMENT EXP.GROUP.1 POST-TEST CONTROL GROUP.2 POST-TEST

21. FREQUECY OF MOUTH CARE PROTOCOL OF THE MOUTH CARE CHLORHEXIDINE(A1) SALINE(A2) 4 HOURLY(B1) A1…….B1 A2…....B1 6 HOURLY(B2) A1…….B2 A2……..B2 8 HOURLY(B3) A1…….B3 A2……..B3 FACTORIAL DESIGN

22. TYPE OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS BLOCK PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY HYPERTENSION(I) DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION(II) RENAL PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION(III) A A,I A,II A,III B B,I B,II B,III C C,I C,II C,III RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN

23. GROUPS PROTOCOLS OF THE MOUTH CARE GROUP1 CHLOHEXIDINE(A1) SALINE(A2 GROUP2 SALINE(A2) CHLOHEXIDINE(A1) CROSSOVER

24. MOST POWERFUL DESIGN. TO ESTABILISH THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES. THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH IS EXPLANATION,CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP MAY BE ESTABLISHED AMONG THE VARIABLES BY EXPERIMENTATION. IN THESE STUDIES THE CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE STUDY IS CONDUCTED CAN YIELD A GREATER DEGREE OF PURITY IN OBSERVATION. A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME THAT MAY TAKE YEARS TO OCCUR NATURALLY. ADVANTAGES;

25. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS CANNOT BEREPLICATED IN STUDIES CONDUCTED ON HUMAN BEING DUE TO ETHICAL PROBLEMS. MANY OF THE HUMAN VARIABLES NEITHER HAVE VALID MESURABLE CRITERIA NOR INSTRUMENTAL TO MESURE THEM. IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES CONDUCTED IN NATURAL SETTING LIKE HOSPITALS OR COMMUNITY, IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO IMPOSE CONTROL OVER EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES. IT IS VERY DIFFICLUTY TO GET COOPERATION FROM THE STUDY PARTICIPANTS. DISADVANTAGES;

26. IT INVOLVES THE MANIPULATION OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLE TO OBSERVE THE EFFECT ON DEPENDENT VARIABLE. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

27. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS LACK OF AT LEAST ONE OF THE TWO OTHER ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRUE EXPERIMENT. QUASI- INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ARE USED INSTEAD OF TRUE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES.

28. NON RANDOMIZED CONTROL GROUP DESIGN TYPES EXP.GROUP PRE TEST TREATMENT POST-TEST CONTROL GROUP PRE TEST POST-TEST

29. TIME SERIES DESIGN EXP.GROUP O1 O2 O3 TREATMENT O1 O2 O3

30. THEY ARE MORE PRACTICAL AND FEASIBLE TO CONDUCT RESEARCH STUDIES IN NURSING. IN THE ABSENCE OF A LARGE SAMPLE SIZE, RANDOMIZATION AND/OR AVAILALABILITY OF CONTROL GROUP ARE NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE. IT MAY BE ABLE TO ESTABLISH CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP, WHEREIN SOME OF THE HYPOTHESES ARE PRACTICALLY ANSWERED THROUGH THIS DESIGN ONLY. ADVANTAGES;

31. THERE IS NO CONTROL OVER EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES INFLUENCING THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES. THE ABSENCE OF A CONTROL GROUP OR A LACK OF CONTROL OVER THE RESEARCH SETTING MAKES THE RESULT OF THIS DESIGN LESS RELIABLE AND WEAK FOR THE ESTABILISHMENT OF CASUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES. DISADVANTAGE;

32. THIS RESEARCH DESIGN IS CONSIDERED VERY WEAK, BECAUSE THE RESEARCH HAS VERY LITTLE CONTROL OVER THE EXPERIMENT. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

33. ONE SHOT CASE DESIGN; TYPES EXP.GROUP TREATMENT POST-TEST ONE- GROUP PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN; EXP.GROUP TREATMENT POST-TEST PRE TEST

34. VERY SIMPLE AND CONVENIENT TO CONDUCT THESE STUDIES IN NATURAL SETTING, ESPECIALLY IN NURSING. MOST SUITABLE DESIGN FOR THE BEGINNERS IN THE FIELD OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH. ADVANTAGES;

35. IT HAS VERY LITTLE CONTROL OVER THE RESEARCH. IT HAS A HIGHER THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY OF RESEARCH . DISADVANTAGE;

36. IT IS ONE OF THE BROAD CATEGORIES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS, IN WHICH THE RESEARCH OBSERVES THE PHENOMENA AS THEY OCCUR NATURALLY, AND NO EXTERNAL VARIABLES ARE INTRODUCED. NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

37. THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES CANNOT BE MANIPULATED. IT IS UNETHICAL TO MANIPULATE THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. THE RESEARCH SITUATIONS WHERE IT IS NOT PRACTICALLY POSSIBLE TO CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS. DESCRIPTIVE-TYPE STUDIES THAT DO NOT REQUIRE ANY EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES. NEEDS OF NONEXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

38. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN UNIVARIANT DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN CORRELATION/EX-POST FACTO DESIGN PROSPECTIVE DESIGN RETROSPECTIVE DESIGN DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN LONGITUDINAL DESIGN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DESIGNS CASE- CONTROL STUDIES COHORT STUDIES SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN TYPES

39. IT IS USED TO OBSERVE, DESCRIBE, AND DOCUMENT ASPECT OF A SITUATION AS IT NATURALLY OCCURS, AND SOMETIMES TO SERVE AS A STARTING POINT FOR HYPOTHESIS GENERATION OR THEORY DEVELOPMENT. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

40. USED TO OBSERVE, DOCUMENT,AND DESCRIBE A PHENOMENON OCCURING IN NATURAL SETTING. TO GAIN MORE INFORMATION ABOUT CHARACTERISTICS WITHIN A PARTICULAR FIELD OF INQUIRY. USED TO DEVELOP THEORIES, IDENTIFY PROBLEMS WWITH CURRENT PRACTIS, MAKE JUDGEMENTS, OR DETERMINE OTHER PRACTICES IN SIMILAR SITUATIONS. MAIN FEATURES

41. UNIVARIANT DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN ARE UNDERTAKEN TO DESCRIBE THE FREQUENCY OF A PHENOMENON. THIS DESIGN DOES NOT FOCUS ON THE STUDY OF A SINGLE VARIABLE; THERE MAY BE ONE OR MORE VARIABLES INVOLVED IN THE STUDY. UNIVARIANT DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

42. IT IS USED TO IDENTIFY, EXPLORE , AND DESCRIBE EXISITING PHENOMENON AND ITS RELATED FACTORS. EXPLORATORY DESIGN

43. IT INVOLVES COMPARING AND CONTRASTING TWO OR MORE SAMPLE OF STUDY SUBJECT ON ONE OR MORE VARIABLES OFTEN AT A SINGLE POINT OF TIME. COMPARATIVE DESIGN

44. THIS IS A NON EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, WHERE RESEARCHER EXAMINES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES IN A NATURAL SETTING WITH OUT MANIPULATION OF CONTROL. CORRELATIONAL DESIGN

45. THE RESEARCHER FIND THE STRENGTH OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VARIABLES. GENERALLY IT HAS INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES EFFECT OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS OBSERVE WITH OUT MANIPULATING THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE. SOME TIMES IDENTIFICATION OF DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. IT FINDED BY USING CORRELATION AND CO- EFFEFIENT MAIN FEATURES

46. HERE THE RESEARCHER RELATES THE PRESENT TO THE FUTURE IS A PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN. RETROSPECTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN HERE THE RESEARCHER STUDIES THE CURRENT PHENOMENON BY SEEKING INFORMATION FROM PAST. PROSPECTIVE DESIGN

47. IT EXAMINES THE PHENOMENON WITH REFERANCE TO TIME. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

48. CROSS SECTION DESIGN IN WHICH RESEARCHER COLLECT DATA AT PARTICULAR TIME (ONE PERIOD OF DATA COLLECTION) IT IS MORE CONVENIENT. LONGITUDINAL DESIGN HERE THE DATACOLLECT AT LONG TIME( LONG TIME STUDY). IT HAS THREE TYPES; TREND STUDIES PANEL STUDIES FOLLOW-UP STUDIES TYPES

49. IT INVOLVES INVESTIGATE THE DISTRIBUTION AND CAUSES OF THE DISEASES IN POPULATION. THE PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE KNOW AS COHORT STUDY AND RETROSPETIVE STUDIES ARE KNOW AS CASE- CONTROL STUDIES. EPIDEMOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN

50. COHORT STUDIES HERE THE LONGITUDINAL APPROACH IS USED TO INVESTICATE THE DISEASES AND CAUSES. CASE CONTROL STUDIES IN THIS DESIGN, CAUSES OF A DISEASE ARE INVESTIGATED AFTER THE OCCURRENCE OF A DISEASE. TYPES

51. IF THE SURVEY IS CONDUCTED ON A SAMPLE OF POPULATION, IT IS CALLED SAMPLE SURVEY. IF THE ENTIRE POPULATION IS INVOVLED, IT IS CALLED A POPULATION SURVEY SUCH AS CENSUSES, ECT., SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN

52. DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF PHENOMENON UNDER STUDY. BASED ON METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION. TYPES

53. ADVANTAGES IT IS A CONVENIENT METHOD. SUITABLE FOR NURSING RESEARCH. IT IS SIMPLE. LOW COST COMPARE TO EXPERIMENT. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES FINDING IS NEVER CLEAR. IT HAS MORE ERROR NON RANDOMIZED METHOD WILL RESULTING IN ERROR. NONEXPERIMENTALRESEARCH DESIGN DISADVANTAGES

54. METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES META –ANALYSIS SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS OUTCOME RESEARCH EVALUATION STUDIES OPERATIONAL RESEARCH OTHER ADD I TIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN

55. THANK YOU