Research approaches hhhhhhhhhhhhhand Design.pptx

Research

1. RESEARCH APPROACHES AND DESIGNS Presented by Gaje Singh MSc Nursing (previous) Batch 2023

2. DEFINITION Research design is a plan of how, when and where data are to be collected and analysed. Research design is the research’s overall plan for answering the research questions or testing the research hypotheses. it is the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analysing the needed information in a research study. Research Design is blueprint to conduct research study includes research approach, sample size, technique, tool, method and analysis to answer research question.

3. ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN . ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN THE APPROCH METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS POPULATION, SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE TOOLS AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION TIMES AND PLACE OF DATA COLLECTION QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE OR BOTH WITH/WITH OUT A CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

4. APPROACH Systematic investigative process . it involves the description of the plan to investigate the phenomenon under study in a structured (quantitative), unstructured (qualitative) or a combination of the two methods (qualitative quantitative).

5. FACTORS OF RESEARCH APPROACH Population, sample, and sampling technique. The time, place, and sources of data collection. Tools and methods of data collection. Methods of the data analysis .

6. SELECTION OF RESEARCH DESIGN Selection of a research design largely depends on the nature of the research problem, the research available, accessible of subjects, and research ethics.

7. FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF RESEARCH DESIGN Nature of the research problem purpose of the study research’s knowledge and experience researcher’s interest and motivation research ethics and principles subjects/participants resources time possible control on extraneous variables users of the study findings

8. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN QUALITATITIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

9. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN OTHER ADDITIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN

10. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN EXPERIMENTALRESEARCH DESIGN TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PRE- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

11. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN According to riley, experimental research design is a powerful design for testing hypothsese of causal relationship among variables . Its observation under controlled condition

12. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN true experimental research designs are those where researchers have complete control over the extraneous variables and can perdict confidently that the observed effect on the dependable variable is only due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

13. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS MANIPULATION, CONTROL, RANDOMIZATION.

14. TYPES TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN POST- TEST ONLY PRETEST POST-TEST ONLY SOLOMON 4 GROUP FACTORIAL RANDOMIZED BLOCK CROSSOVER

15. POST-TEST ONLY CONTROL DESIGN RANDOM ASSIGNMENT EXP.GROUP TREATMENT POST-TEST CONTROL GROUP POST-TEST

16. PRETEST- POSTTEST- ONLY DESIGN RANDOM ASSIGNMENT EXP.GROUP PRE TEST POST-TEST TREATMENT CONTROL GROUP PRE TEST POST-TEST

17. SOLOMON FOUR- GROUP DESIGN RANDOM ASSIGNMENT EXP.GROUP.1 PRE TEST TREATMENT POST-TEST CONTROL GROUP.1 PRE TEST POST-TEST EXP.GROUP.2 TREATMENT EXP.GROUP.1 POST-TEST CONTROL GROUP.2 POST-TEST

18. FACTORIAL DESIGN FREQUECY OF MOUTH CARE PROTOCOL OF THE MOUTH CARE CHLORHEXIDINE(A1) SALINE(A2) 4 HOURLY(B1) A1…….B1 A2…....B1 6 HOURLY(B2) A1…….B2 A2……..B2 8 HOURLY(B3) A1…….B3 A2……..B3 In this researcher manipulates 2 or more independent variables and observe there effect on dependent variable

19. RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN TYPE OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS BLOCK PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY HYPERTENSION(I) DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION(II) RENAL PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION(III) A A,I A,II A,III B B,I B,II B,III C C,I C,II C,III Use when large number of experimental comparison group ,to bring homogeneity among selected different group

20. CROSSOVER GROUPS PROTOCOLS OF THE MOUTH CARE GROUP1 CHLOHEXIDINE(A1) SALINE(A2 GROUP2 SALINE(A2) CHLOHEXIDINE(A1)

21. ADVANTAGES most powerful design. to estabilish the causal relationship between independent and dependent variables. the purpose of research is explanation,causal relationship may be established among the variables by experimentation. in these studies the controlled environment in which the study is conducted can yield a greater degree of purity in observation. a short period of time that may take years to occur naturally.

22. DISADVANTAGES experimental research designs cannot be replicated in studies conducted on human being due to ethical problems. many of the human variables neither have valid measurable criteria nor instrumental to measure them. in experimental studies conducted in natural setting like hospitals or community, it is not possible to impose control over extraneous variables. it is very difficulty to get cooperation from the study participants.

23. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN it involves the manipulation of independent variable to observe the effect on dependent variable. lack of at least one of the two other essential characteristics of the true experiment. quasi- independent variables are used instead of true independent variables. A- Non Randomized control group B-Time Series Design

24. NON RANDOMIZED CONTROL GROUP DESIGN NON EXP.GROUP PRE TEST TREATMENT POST-TEST CONTROL GROUP PRE TEST POST-TEST

25. TIME SERIES DESIGN EXP.GROUP O1 O2 O3 TREATMENT O1 O2 O3

26. ADVANTAGES they are more practical and feasible to conduct research studies in nursing. in the absence of a large sample size, randomization and/or availalability of control group are not always possible. it may be able to establish causal relationship, wherein some of the hypotheses are practically answered through this design only.

27. DISADVANTAGE there is no control over extraneous variables influencing the dependent variables. the absence of a control group or a lack of control over the research setting makes the result of this design less reliable and weak for the estabilishment of casual relationship between independent and dependent variables.

28. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN this research design is considered very weak, because the research has very little control over the experiment.

29. TYPES ONE SHOT CASE DESIGN; EXP.GROUP TREATMENT POST-TEST ONE- GROUP PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN; EXP.GROUP TREATMENT POST-TEST PRE TEST

30. ADVANTAGES ; very simple and convenient to conduct these studies in natural setting, especially in nursing. most suitable design for the beginners in the field of experimental research. DISADVANTAGE it has very little control over the research. it has a higher threat to internal validity of research .

31. NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN it is one of the broad categories of research designs, in which the research observes the phenomena as they occur naturally, and no external variables are introduced.

32. NEEDS OF NONEXPERIMENTAL DESIGN the independent variables cannot be manipulated. it is unethical to manipulate the independent variable. the research situations where it is not practically possible to conduct experiments. descriptive-type studies that do not require any experimental approaches .

33. TYPES DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN UNIVARIANT DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN CORRELATION/EX-POST FACTO DESIGN PROSPECTIVE DESIGN RETROSPECTIVE DESIGN DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN LONGITUDINAL DESIGN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DESIGNS CASE- CONTROL STUDIES COHORT STUDIES SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN

34. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN it is used to observe, describe, and document aspect of a situation as it naturally occurs, and sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation or theory development. used to observe, document,and describe a phenomenon occuring in natural setting. to gain more information about characteristics within a particular field of inquiry. used to develop theories, identify problems with current practice, make judgements, or determine other practices in similar situations

35. UNIVARIANT DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN univariant descriptive design are undertaken to describe the frequency of a phenomenon. this design does not focus on the study of a single variable; there may be one or more variables involved in the study.

36. EXPLORATORY DESIGN it is used to identify, explore , and describe existing phenomenon and its related factors.

37. COMPARATIVE DESIGN it involves comparing and contrasting two or more sample of study subject on one or more variables often at a single point of time .

38. CORRELATIONAL DESIGN this is a non experimental design, where researcher examines the relationship between two or more variables in a natural setting with out manipulation of control. the researcher find the strength of relationship between the variables. generally it has independent and dependent variables effect of independent variable is observe with out manipulating the dependent variable. some times identification of dependent and independent variable. it finded by using correlation and co- efficient

39. PROSPECTIVE DESIGN here the researcher relates the present to the future is a prospective research design . RETROSPECTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN here the researcher studies the current phenomenon by seeking information from past.

40. DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN it examines the phenomenon with reference to time TYPE CROSS SECTION DESIGN in which researcher collect data at particular time (one period of data collection) it is more convenient . LONGITUDINAL DESIGN here the data collect at long time( long time study). it has three types; TREND STUDIES PANEL STUDIES FOLLOW-UP STUDIES

41. EPIDEMOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN it involves investigate the distribution and causes of the diseases in population. the prospective studies are know as cohort study and retrospetive studies are know as case- control studies.

42. TYPES COHORT STUDIES here the longitudinal approach is used to investigate the diseases and causes. CASE CONTROL STUDIES in this design, causes of a disease are investigated after the occurrence of a disease.

43. SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN if the survey is conducted on a sample of population, it is called sample survey. if the entire population is involved, it is called a population survey such as censuses, ect ., TYPE Depending on the nature of phenomenon under study based on method of data collection

44. NONEXPERIMENTALRESEARCH DESIGN ADVANTAGES it is a convenient method. suitable for nursing research. it is simple. low cost compare to experiment. DISADVANTAGES the relationship between variables finding is never clear. it has more error non randomized method will resulting in error.

45. OTHER ADD I TIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES- To assess method , intruments META –ANALYSIS- integarate or combin multiple re data SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS- reanalyze research data for new hypothesis OUTCOME RESEARCH- care out come- QA EVALUATION STUDIES-program practice ,procedure or policy OPERATIONAL RESEARCH- knowledge ,program

46. SUMMARY Various type of research approaches and design are use. The research approaches are broadly categorized in to qualitative and quantative approach under quantitative research approach are experimental and non-experimental other additional. further experimental are divided in three categories true experimental Quasi experimental pre-experimental design. On experimental divided in six categories

47. CONCLUSION Research design is a master plan that specifies the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information. It is a strategy for how the data will be collected it provide the scheme for answering research questions It maintain control to avoid bias that may effect the outcome .

48. THANK YOU