research complete notes by Sanju Sah.pptx

Research is the systematic investigation aimed at discovering new knowledge, understanding phenomena, and solving problems. It involves formulating questions, conducting experiments, collecting data, and analyzing results. Research advances science, drives innovation, informs policy, and enhances education, contributing to societal progress and the betterment of human life.

1. Research complete notes By- Sanju Sah St’Xavier’s college, Maitighar , Kathmandu

2. Definition of Research Research is a scientific way of answering questions and testing hypothesis

3. RESERACH • Re ---------------- Search • Re means (once more, afresh, anew) OR (back; with return to a previous state) • Search means (look thorough or go over thoroughly to look something) OR (examine to find anything concealed)

4. Definition of Research Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .

5. Introduction to research Research is a scientific process of investigation and/or experimentation that involves the systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or solve a problem. Research serves two essential and powerful purposes in accelerating advances.

6. First, basic or traditional research is necessary to generate new knowledge and technologies to deal with major unresolved problems. Second , applied research is necessary for the identification of priority problems and for designing and evaluating policies and programs that will be of benefit, using existing knowledge and available resources, both financial and human .

7. Research is a systematic search for information- a process of inquiry. It can be carried out in libraries reviewing literature, research in health related issues or in wild forests watching herds of animals. Research any be carried out anywhere, on any phenomenon in nature, and by many different people- scientists, religious scholars or charlatans seeking to deceive people.

8. SYSTEMATIC because there is a definite set of procedures and steps which you will follow. There are certain things in the research process which are always done in order to get the most accurate results. ORGANIZED in that there is a structure or method in going about doing research. It is a planned procedure, not a spontaneous one . It is focused and limited to a specific scope .

9. FINDING ANSWERS is the end of all research. Whether it is the answer to a hypothesis or even a simple question , research is successful when we find answers. Sometimes the answer is no , but it is still an answer. QUESTIONS are central to research. If there is no question , then the answer is of no use. Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions. Without a question , research has no focus, drive, or purpose .

10. Methods: »Methods are set of specific techniques for selecting cases, measuring and observing aspects of social life, gathering and refining data, analyzing data and reporting on results.

11. Theory vs. Hypothesis Hypothesis – A belief or prediction of the final outcome of the research – A concrete, specific statement about the relationships between phenomena – Based on deductive reasoning Theory – A belief or assumption about how things relate to each other – A theory establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between variables with a purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena – Based on inductive reasoning

12. What distinguishes scientific research from other research is the very nature of science itself, which uses an empirical and rational process based on materialistic tenets, and emphasizes the accuracy of collected data.

13. Notes: Empirical  evidence or study relies on practical experience or seen rather than theories. rational  - based on or in accordance with reason or logic. tenet  - a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy . Descriptive - describing something, especially in a detailed

14. Logical Steps of Scientific Method • Systematic; cyclic; series of logical steps. – Identifying the problem – Formulating a hypothesis – Developing the research plan – Collecting and analyzing the data – Interpreting results and forming conclusions

15. We have emphasized science as a creative and systematic way of thinking, a ceaseless process of acquiring scientific knowledge. Scientific research is inherent in this process. Such inquiry places heavy demands on the design of research methodology, process and quality of data collection, and appropriateness of analysis.

16. Research could be done for descriptive purposes . For example: we often want to know about the demographic characteristics of a community, its natural resources, the kinds of diseases that are prevalent in the infant or perinatal mortality rates etc.

17. We can do a survey and get these information’s which will enable you to describe the population and the community in terms of time, place and person. Frequency of disease occurrence in different sub groups of population will help us understand how the disease is distributed in the given population.

18. For new cases not seen previously in that community, just the description of case series will provide valuable clues for understanding the nature of the disease as well as for further research. E.g. case studies, case series . Or suppose, we already know the base line information disease frequencies in a population. We found that perinatal mortality is high among the mothers who smoked during pregnancy.

19. Now the questions that burn in our mind are: Is this higher perinatal death among the mothers who smoked during pregnancy caused by smoking, or at least, associated with smoking? In other words ‘ is smoking during pregnancy, a determinant of perinatal mortality’? ( by determinant we mean an exposure that is associated with the outcome, which could be its cause too).

20. How do you think we can be sure that smoking is associated with perinatal mortality or not ? Well, if the occurrence of perinatal death is the same among the mothers who smoked during the pregnancy, and in the mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy, then we have no basis to say that the risk of perinatal death is higher among smokers.

21. Example: 50 perinatal death among 1000 smokers. 50 perinatal death among 1000 non smokers. both smokers and non-smokers have the same proportion of 5% perinatal mortality rate. And the difference in the proportion is 0. if however we have 200 perinatal deaths among 1000 smokers. 50 perinatal deaths among 1000 nonsmokers. then the proportion of perinatal death among smokers is 20% and in the non-smokers it is 5%. The difference in proportion is 20-5= 15%. So the smokers have a higher proportion of perinatal mortality compared to non-smokers.

22. So as we see, we use a process of comparison to study the determinants of disease in smoking during pregnancy. There are several research methods suitable for this type of investigation. They are often categorized as analytic studies.

23. This is the fundamental process of research common to all sciences whether biological or physical. In physics instead of disease the term outcome or event is used, and their experiments are more controlled. Experiments on human beings are often difficult because of ethical reasons. Hence we mostly make observation on “natural experiments”, exposure and disease occuring in the community, and draw inferences. Such studies are called observational studies in contrast to experimental studies.

24. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into a number of following broad groupings:

25. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies ); To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies ); To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies); To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies).

26. Objectives of research: To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to gain new insights into it. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular cause, situation or environment. To determine the frequency with which something occurs. To determine the relationship between two or more variables. To ascertain causes and effect relationship. To test the hypothesis.

27. The specific objectives are to: Review current status of research in different areas. Identify the need for future research in different areas. Explore resources for further research Develop a plan for future research activities.

28. MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH What makes people to undertake research? This is a question of fundamental importance. The possible motives for doing research may be either one or more of the following: Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits; Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical problems initiates research; Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work; Desire to be of service to society; Desire to get respectability.

29. However, this is not an exhaustive list of factors motivating people to undertake research studies. Many more factors such as directives of government, employment conditions, curiosity about new things , desire to understand causal relationships, social thinking and awakening, and the like may as well motivate (or at times compel) people to perform research operations.

30. Why do we need research? Satisfaction of curiosity Save human life/to reduce suffering Correct judgement / decision Problem finding or solving Excellence Improvement etc.

31. Significance of Research “All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention” is a famous Hudson Maxim in context of which the significance of research can well be understood. Increased amounts of research make progress possible. Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes the development of logical habits of thinking and organisation . The role of research in several fields of applied economics, whether related to business or to the economy as a whole, has greatly increased in modern times .

32. Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic system Decision-making may not be a part of research, but research certainly facilitates the decisions of the policy maker. Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry . Research is equally important for social scientists in studying social relationships and in seeking answers to various social problems .

33. In addition to what has been stated above, the significance of research can also be understood keeping in view the following points: To those students who are to write a master’s or Ph.D. thesis, research may mean a careerism or a way to attain a high position in the social structure; To professionals in research methodology, research may mean a source of livelihood; To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for new ideas and insights; To literary men and women, research may mean the development of new styles and creative work; To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the generalisations of new theories.

34. Thus, research is the fountain of knowledge for the sake of knowledge and an important source of providing guidelines for solving different business, governmental and social problems. It is a sort of formal training which enables one to understand the new developments in one’s field in a better way.

35. Advantages of doing research Extensive reading builds a sizeable fund of knowledge. A research problem near our professional goal is of significant future value to our career. Provides an opportunity to do significant independent work in a problem area that will better prepare us for professional work and will incidentally make us a more desirable prospect for future employment. Experience in the problem area. Possible to publish the results in a professional journal, adding significantly to our professional status.

36. Importance of research in academic programs The purpose of a master’s thesis is to demonstrate that the student can competently design and execute a substantial piece of research. The purpose of Ph.D. thesis is to make a significant contribution of a scholarly nature, which is recognized as such by peers in the discipline in general. Originality of theses is excepted within the discipline concerned. The general objective of academic research is to know the current status of research in different areas and to identify their future needs.

37. Criteria of Good Research Whatever may be the types of research works and studies, one thing that is important is that they all meet on the common ground of scientific method employed by them. One expects scientific research to satisfy the following criteria: 11 The purpose of the research should be clearly defined and common concepts be used. The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement, keeping the continuity of what has already been attained. The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results that are as objective as possible.

38. The researcher should report with complete frankness , flaws in procedural design and estimate their effects upon the findings. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the methods of analysis used should be appropriate. The validity and reliability of the data should be checked carefully. Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of the research and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis. Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in research and is a person of integrity.

39. In other words, we can state the qualities of a good research as under: Good research is systematic: It means that research is structured with specified steps to be taken in a specified sequence in accordance with the well defined set of rules. Systematic characteristic of the research does not rule out creative thinking but it certainly does reject the use of guessing and intuition in arriving at conclusions.

40. 2 . Good research is logical: This implies that research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and the logical process of induction and deduction are of great value in carrying out research. Induction is the process of reasoning from a part to the whole whereas deduction is the process of reasoning from some premise to a conclusion which follows from that very premise. In fact, logical reasoning makes research more meaningful in the context of decision making.

41. 3. Good research is empirical: It implies that research is related basically to one or more aspects of a real situation and deals with concrete data that provides a basis for external validity to research results. 4. Good research is replicable: This characteristic allows research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby building a sound basis for decisions.

42. Criteria for good research question (FINER) Feasible (F) Adequate number of subjects Adequate technical expertise. Affordale in time and money Manageable in scope Interesting to the investigator (I) Novel (N) Confirms or refutes previous findings Extends previous findings Provides new findings Ethical (E) Relevant (R) To scientific knowledge To clinical and health policy To future research directions

43. Problems Encountered by Researchers Researchers in developing country like ours, particularly those engaged in empirical research, are facing several problems. Some of the important problems are as follows: 1. The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research is a great impediment for researchers in our country. Many researchers take a leap in the dark without knowing research methods. Most of the work, which goes in the name of research is not methodologically sound. The consequence is obvious, viz., the research results, quite often, do not reflect the reality or realities. Thus , a systematic study of research methodology is an urgent necessity. Before undertaking research projects, researchers should be well equipped with all the methodological aspects. As such, efforts should be made to provide short duration intensive courses for meeting this requirement .

44. 2. There is insufficient interaction between the university research departments on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions on the other side . A great deal of primary data of non-confidential nature remain untouched/untreated by the researchers for want of proper contacts. Efforts should be made to develop satisfactory liaison among all concerned for better and realistic researches . There is need for developing some mechanisms of a university—industry interaction programme so that academics can get ideas from practitioners on what needs to be researched and practitioners can apply the research done by the academics

45. 3. Most of the business units in our country do not have the confidence that the material supplied by them to researchers will not be misused and as such they are often reluctant in supplying the needed information to researchers. The concept of secrecy seems to be sacrosanct to business organisations in the country so much so that it proves an impermeable barrier to researchers. Thus , there is the need for generating the confidence that the information/data obtained from a business unit will not be misused .

46. 4. Research studies overlapping one another are undertaken quite often for want of adequate information . This results in duplication and fritters away resources. This problem can be solved by proper compilation and revision, at regular intervals, of a list of subjects on which and the places where the research is going on. Due attention should be given toward identification of research problems in various disciplines of applied science which are of immediate concern to the industries.

47. 5. There does not exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-university and interdepartmental rivalries are also quite common. Hence , there is need for developing a code of conduct for researchers which, if adhered sincerely, can win over this problem. 6. Many researchers in our country also face the difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial assistance , including computerial assistance. This causes unnecessary delays in the completion of research studies. All possible efforts be made in this direction so that efficient secretarial assistance is made available to researchers and that too well in time. University Grants Commission must play a dynamic role in solving this difficulty

48. 7. Library management and functioning is not satisfactory at many places and much of the time and energy of researchers are spent in tracing out the books, journals, reports, etc., rather than in tracing out relevant material from them . 8. There is also the problem that many of our libraries are not able to get copies of old and new Acts/Rules, reports and other government publications in time . Thus, efforts should be made for the regular and speedy supply of all governmental publications to reach our libraries.

49. 9. There is also the difficulty of timely availability of published data from various government and other agencies doing this job in our country. Researcher also faces the problem on account of the fact that the published data vary quite significantly because of differences in coverage by the concerning agencies. 10 . There may, at times, take place the problem of conceptualization and also problems relating to the process of data collection and related things.

50. Application of research study From the point of view of application, there are two broad categories of research: Pure & Applied Research . Pure/ Basic research: Involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are intellectually challenging to the researcher but may or may not have practical application at the present time or in the future. The knowledge produced through pure research is sought in order to add to the existing body of research methods.

51. Applied research Applied Research is done to solve specific, practical questions ; for policy formulation, administration and understanding of a phenomenon. It can be exploratory, but is usually descriptive. It is almost always done on the basis of basic research

52. Research Process Research is an exciting process of discovery and understanding. Below are the basic steps to follow for any information research project. By taking the time to think through and understand these steps, our time in the library will be spent more effectively and our research will prove more rewarding. Do not hesitate to for assistance from our instructor or a librarian at any point in our research process.

53. Step one Define research problem Step two Review of literature: Review theory and concept R eview provisional research findings Look up our keywords in the indexes to subject encyclopedias. Read articles in these encyclopedias to set the context for our research. Note any relevant items in the biographies at the end of the encyclopedia articles. Additional literature information may be found in your lecture notes, textbooks, journals, internet and reserve readings.

54. Step three Selection of research title and make plan thoroughly understand what we are being asked to do and define our topic to meet the requirements of our assignment: understand the assignment. Find a topic and brainstorm ideas Narrow and/or broaden the topic as necessary G et an overview to help determine key names, dates, and concepts. Draft a thesis statement

55. State our topic (research problem) as a question. For example, if we are interested in finding out about use of alcoholic beverages by college students, we might pose the question. “what effect does use of alcoholic beverages have on the health of college students?” Identify the main concepts or keywords in our question.

56. Develop a strategy or plan to guide you: What kind of information do you need? How much information is required? Where is the information likely to be published or located? How much time will it take to do the research and get the information? Step four Formulation of hypothesis Step five Design research (including sample design) b. Collect data Analyze data (test hypothesis if any) by using statistical tools Step six Interpret results Step six Interpret results

57. Research process Formulate the problem s Review literature Frame theory Formulate Ho/ objetives Research design Research methodology define target population intervention (if any) define variables sampling technique determine measurement Collect data Analyze data Interpret result Communicate results

58. TYPES OF RESEARCH The basic types of research are as follows: ( i ) Descriptive vs. Analytical: Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present . In social science and business research we quite often use the term Ex post facto research for descriptive research studies.

59. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. ex post facto research projects are used for descriptive studies in which the researcher seeks to measure such items as, for example, frequency of shopping, preferences of people, or similar data. Ex post facto studies also include attempts by researchers to discover causes even when they cannot control the variables .

60. The methods of research utilized in descriptive research are survey methods of all kinds, including comparative and correlational methods. In analytical research , on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material .

61. (ii) Applied vs. Fundamental: Research can either be applied (or action) research or fundamental (to basic or pure) research. Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business organisation , whereas fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a theory . “ Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research .” Research concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research.

62. Similarly, research studies, concerning human behaviour carried on with a view to make generalisations about human behaviour , are also examples of fundamental research, but research aimed at certain conclusions (say, a solution) facing a concrete social or business problem is an example of applied research. Research to identify social , economic or political trends that may affect a particular institution or the copy research (research to find out whether certain communications will be read and understood) or the marketing research or evaluation research are examples of applied research.

63. Thus, the central aim of applied research is to discover a solution for some pressing practical problem, whereas basic research is directed towards finding information that has a broad base of applications and thus, adds to the already existing organized body of scientific knowledge.

64. (iii) Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e ., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind. For instance, when we are interested in investigating the reasons for human behaviour (i.e., why people think or do certain things ), we quite often talk of ‘Motivation Research’, an important type of qualitative research.

65. This type of research aims at discovering the underlying motives and desires, using in depth interviews for the purpose. Other techniques of such research are word association tests, sentence completion tests, story completion tests and similar other projective techniques . Attitude or opinion research i.e., research designed to find out how people feel or what they think about a particular subject or institution is also qualitative research.

66. Qualitative research is specially important in the behavioural sciences where the aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behaviour . Through such research we can analyse the various factors which motivate people to behave in a particular manner or which make people like or dislike a particular thing. It may be stated, however, that to apply qualitative research in practice is relatively a difficult job and therefore, while doing such research, one should seek guidance from experimental psychologists.

67. (iv) Conceptual vs. Empirical: Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory . It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. On the other hand, empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment.

68. We can also call it as experimental type of research. In such a research it is necessary to get at facts firsthand, at their source, and actively to go about doing certain things to stimulate the production of desired information. In such a research, the researcher must first provide himself with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable results . He then works to get enough facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis.

69. He then sets up experimental designs which he thinks will manipulate the persons or the materials concerned so as to bring forth the desired information. Such research is thus characterised by the experimenter’s control over the variables under study and his deliberate manipulation of one of them to study its effects. Empirical research is appropriate when proof is sought that certain variables affect other variables in some way. Evidence gathered through experiments or empirical studies is today considered to be the most powerful support possible for a given hypothesis.

70. (v) Some Other Types of Research: All other types of research are variations of one or more of the above stated approaches, based on either the purpose of research, or the time required to accomplish research, on the environment in which research is done, or on the basis of some other similar factor. Form the point of view of time, we can think of research either as one-time research or longitudinal research . In the former case the research is confined to a single time-period, whereas in the latter case the research is carried on over several time-periods.

71. Research can be field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation research , depending upon the environment in which it is to be carried out. Research can as well be understood as clinical or diagnostic research . Such research follow case-study methods or indepth approaches to reach the basic causal relations. Such studies usually go deep into the causes of things or events that interest us, using very small samples and very deep probing data gathering devices.

72. The research may be exploratory or it may be formalized. The objective of exploratory research is the development of hypotheses rather than their testing, whereas formalized research studies are those with substantial structure and with specific hypotheses to be tested. Historical research is that which utilizes historical sources like documents, remains, etc. to study events or ideas of the past, including the philosophy of persons and groups at any remote point of time. Research can also be classified as conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented.

73. While doing conclusion oriented research, a researcher is free to pick up a problem, redesign the enquiry as he proceeds and is prepared to conceptualize as he wishes. Decision-oriented research is always for the need of a decision maker and the researcher in this case is not free to embark upon research according to his own inclination. Operations research is an example of decision oriented research since it is a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding operations under their control.

74. Research priority areas There are many priority research fields in Nepal. Most of the infectious diseases, including Hiv / AlDS , vector borne diseases and now non-communicable diseases, are rampant in Nepal. In a country like Nepal, where resources are limited and researchers have to work in adverse conditions, while selecting the priority field, must keep attempt to get optimum returns from research so that it can benefit maximum people at risk. Before doing research we should know what the nation wants and what we can give to the nation after research.

75. Research priority areas could be-. 1.Basic research 2.Applied research 3.Public health research 4.Health services research 5.Health services research Health system research Bio-medical research Ecosystem health research Other areas of research

76. Prior to research priority setting, one has to know the problems concerning the following: Epidemiological Health services Management Community involvement Education and information Basic statistics Literature review Research designs Health policy Health manpower (trainee health manpower are needed for research) Financial aspects Inter- sectoral activities and co-ordination Research strategies Health information system

77. Identification of health research priority areas for Nepalese context: Public health perspectives Epidemiological perspectives Agro-ecosystem health perspectives Ecological and environmental perspectives Community development perspectives Country economic perspectives National health policy perspectives

78. Once these things are decided then one has to do with the: Need assessment of the people at community, village, municipality, district, zonal, regional and national levels, based on the health and health related problems at each level. Listing of all types of health problems at all levels Listing all the possible indicators for Human community health: like physical, mental, air/water/food borne illness, social, family dynamics and life satisfaction (quality of life) Socio-economic health: like per-capita income Biophysical health: like density of population, human and animals landscape etc.

79. Key perspectives in priority setting National perspective: policy and institutional Donor’s perspective-, technical and Administrative Researcher’s perspective: technical and administrative National perspective (policy $ institutional) Broad national interests Public health evidence long term sector planning and priority objectives (research)

80. The following points need to be considered: What the country needs to know Supporting the goal of Second Long Term Health Plan and Subsequent plan Considering the national health research policy and its experience Support to provide health services to the poor and marginalized; people based equity and social justice An approach of “demand driven” by the major stakeholders: communities Health care providers Decision makers at different levels Researchers

81. 6. The social, cultural, ethical and political situation of the country 7 . Recognizing urgent health problems, organizing the flow of funds in areas of high importance, economic impact including both severity of the problem (urgency, seriousness, degree of incapacitation) and magnitude of the problem (morbidity and mortality) 8. Research findings, which are feasible for implementation and strengthen research capacity 9 . The linkage of national health policy, researchers and implementation of research findings 10 . Results are useful to a large extent

82. Donor’s perspective: technical and administrative Mission statement and strategy (global/country specific research priorities) Technical requirements/expertise Administrative requirements/capability (funding mechanism and budget cycle) The following points need to be considered: 1. What is the agenda? 2. Where are funds available?

83. Researcher’s perspective (technical and administrative) Personal interest (scientific discipline, motivation, qualifications) Administrative function (job description, seniority, personal resource access) Links and supportive ladders (ability to network at national and international. Level) What am I interested in? What am I allowed to do?

84. If you want external money for research, you may not be able to prioritize. Why ? - Already done 2. Then what to do? -Get information 3. How ? - By direct contact -From open sources (journals, internet, etc )

85. Finally, be prepared if you do not need external money for research…. You may be able to prioritize How ? visiting fields: by visiting field one (researcher) could know the real situation of the community Reading journals: by reading journals and consulting libraries, researchers can find out the perceptions of community people. Discussions among researchers: In developed countries like the US and Japan there are daily/weekly discussions among researchers. But in developing countries like Nepal there is no forum like that. It is really quite hard to arrange meetings for discuussions among researchers.

86. 4. Then, where is money for research? Different donor agencies, WHO, UNICEF, JICA, UNFPA, IDRC, MI, USAID ETC. Health Research Council. If not…. is research a priority in nepal ? Hence, the rate of Nepal’s contribution to the world from the field of research on health is growing.

87. The national health research priority areas Infectious diseases Tuberculosis Diarrhoel diseases Respiratory tract infection Hepatitis Malaria Japanese encephalitis Kalaazar Filariasis aids

88. 2. Reproductive health Safe motherhood Reproductive tract infections including STD and AIDS Family planning Abortion Genital cancer

89. 3. Child and adolescent health Neonatal health Early childhood development Child abuse Adolescent sexuality and adolescent reproductive health Teenage pregnancy 4. Nutritional diseases Protein calorie malnutrition Micro-nutrient deficiency

90. 5. Non –communicable diseases Chronic respiratory disease Cardiovascular diseases Cerebro -vascular diseases Diabetes mellitus Cancer 6. Injuries and accident Road traffic accident burns

91. 7. Substance abuse Alcohol Tobacco Drugs 8. Health economics Cost sharing Public private mix Health insurance Public sector spending

92. 9. Mental health 10. Indigenous medicine 11. Disabilities Hearing impairment Visual impairment Mental retardation Physical disabilities

93. 12. Healthcare delivery system Efficiency Coverage Manpower factors Drug supply system 13. Environmental health Safe water supply and sanitation Air and domestic pollution

94. 14. Human resources for health Training of appropriate manpower Development and retention of manpower

95. Short term priority areas Community based study on prevalence of reproductive tract infections Health status of ederly with community. Prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age group. Drug and substance abuse in adolescents. School health Prevalence of hypertension in community. Rationale use of drugs