Research design

my name is akash chaudhary and this slide on Researsh design

1. RESEARCH DESIGN MADE BY- SHRADDHA VERMA

2. Def. Research design is a comprehensive plan of the sequence of operations that a researcher intends to carry out to achieve the desired research objectives . Decisions regarding what, where, when, how much, by what means concerning an inquiry or a research study constitute a research design.

3. Requirements of Research design Identify the kind of research one intends to do. Be realistic. Be precise. Be flexible.

4. Factors affecting Research design Non-availability of sufficient data. Non-availability of time. Non-availability of resources: capital, manpower, skill, etc. Non-availability of the researcher: research should be skilled expert in the field. External factors: Inappropriate means of communication, threats, fears, political interference, etc.

5. Research design have following parts Sampling design Observational design Statistical design Operational design

6. Sampling designs Which deals with the methods of selecting items to be observed for the study. Observational design Which relates to the condition under which the observation are to be create.

7. Statistical Design Which concern the question of the of How the information and data gathered are to be analyzed? Operational design Which deals with techniques by which the procedures satisfied in sampling .

8. Purposes of Research Design It provides the scheme for answering research question. It maintains control to avoid bias that may affect the outcomes. It organize the study in a certain way defending the advantages of doing while being aware and caution about potential disadvantages .

9. Important concepts relating to research design Dependent and independent variables: a concept which can take on different quantitative values is called a variable. A phenomena which can take on different qualitatively values even in decimal value are called continues.

10. Extraneous variables That are not related to the purpose of the study but may effect on the dependent variables are termed as the extraneous variables For e.g .:- contd …

11. Example of this Suppose a researcher want to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between children gains in social studies achievement and their self concept . In this case self-concept =independent variable Social studies achievement =dependent variable Intelligence may as well affect on the social achievement. But it is not related to the study undertaken by the researcher so it is a Extraneous variable

12. Control One important characteristic of a good research is to minimize the influence or effect. The terminal term used when we design the study minimizing the effect of extraneous independent variable

13. Conformed relationship When the dependent variable is not free from the influence of extraneous variable .The relationship between the dependent and independent variable is said to be conformed by an extraneous variable

14. Research hypothesis The researcher hypothesis is a predicative statement that relates an independent variable to dependent variable.

15. Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis testing When the purpose of research is to test a research hypothesis , it us termed as hypothesis testing research It can be experimental or non-experimental

16. Experimental and control groups When a group is exposed to usual conditions, it is termed as a control group. But when the group is exposed to be some special condition, it is termed as Experimental group

17. Treatments The different conditions under which Experiment and control groups are put up usually referred to as treatment.

18. Experiment The process of examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis, relating to some research problem, is known as an Experiment. E.g.:- we can conduct an Experiment to examine the usefulness of a certain newly developed drug .

19. Types of Research design There are four types of research design Exploratory research design. Descriptive research design. Diagnostic research design. Experimental research design/causal research design.

20. Research design in case of exploratory research design exploratory research method are also termed as formulative research studied. The main purpose is that of formulate the research problem .three methods are The survey of concerning literature The experience survey The analysis of ‘inside-stimulating

21. 1.The survey of concerning literature This is most simple and fruitful method of formulating the research problem . Hypothesis is taken earlier workers and their usefulness be evaluating as a basis for further Research.

22. 2. The experience survey The experience survey means the survey of people who had practical experience . The object is to obtain new ideas relating to the research problem.

23. 3.The analysis of ‘inside-stimulating It is also a fruitful method of suggesting the hypothesis. It is particularly suitable in the areas where there is little experience to serve as a guide. In this method the existing records may be examined .

24. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN This is the most useful (and appropriate) research design for those projects that are addressing a subject about which there are high levels of uncertainty and ignorance about the subject, and when the problem is not very well understood (i.e. very little existing research on the subject matter). •Such research is usually characterised by a high degree of flexibility and lacks a formal structure. •The main aim of exploratory research is to identify the boundaries of the environment in which the problems, opportunities or situations of interest are likely to reside, and to identify the salient factors or variables that might be found there and be of relevance to the research.

25. Exploratory type Research Design Exploratory study is a systematic scientific approach which enables a social scientist to determine whether an idea is in reality or not.

26. Explorative studies can provide ideas , hypothesis , suggestions that might never occur to the social scientist sitting in an office and mediating over the problem. More flexible. Done in the field whether there is little knowledge is available.

27. The exploratory method , according to Katz , “ represents the earlier stage of science “. This significant observation implies that all sciences must have at the beginning had an approach which has purely exploratory.

28. Inorder to attain research objectives the exploratory method , as suggested by Selltiz et.al . , should adopt the following steps : Review of related social science and another pertinent literature , one of the simplest ways of economizing effort in an enquiry , is to review the work already alone by others .

29. Survey of people who had partial experience with the problem to be studied : persons by virtue of the nature of their jobs are in a position to throw light on the subject matter of interest of the investigator.

30. The analysis of insight stimulating examples : social scientists working in an area which is yet to be explored , which incidentally is the usual experience of an innovative social scientist , have found the intensive study of the selected samples to be particularly fruitful method of stimulating insight.

31. Katz has conceptualized exploratory studies at two levels ; The first is the discovery of the significant variable in the situation. The second is the discovery of relationship between variables. It is imperative for the investigator to delimit the area to be studied specially at the first level.

32. Exploratory studies which do not sets limits for themselves have limits imposed by various practical matters. Mostly the results obtained through the explorative study are to be treated as a sign post for future and further study in the same or similar direction. For this reason , they are also known as formulative studies.

33. WHEN EXPLORATIVE RESEARCH ?

34. Effectiveness

35. Advantage It’s ability to generate many ideas that could be further explored in more controlled conditions , apart from overcoming the most difficult portion of enquiry , which is it’s initiation.

36. In case of descriptive research I n case of descriptive research study –one those studied which are concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular Individual , or a group.

37. Descriptive type Research Design 1. Rigid Design. 2. Probability sampling design. 3. Pre-planned design for analysis. 4. Structured instruments for collection of data. 5.Advanced decisions about operational procedure.

38. Research design in which the major emphasis is on determining the frequency with which something occurs or the extent to which two variables vary.

39. Enable researcher to describe picture of a phenomenon under investigation. Methodology involved – qualitative in nature producing descriptive data. Three approaches to enable to record/ analyse the bahavioural patterns: Participant observation. Personal documents. Unstructured interviewing .

40. 3) Diagnostic type Research Design Rigid Design. Probability sampling design. Pre-planned design for analysis. Structured instruments for collection of data. Advanced decisions about operational procedure.

41. 1. Diagnosis corresponds to the fact finding aspect of clinical practice. 2. Represents the most typical and simple problem solving strategy of the helper faced with problems and crises on the job. 3. In diagnostic research study determine the frequency which some thing occur

42. Consists of the emergence of a problem, a diagnosis of its causes, formulation of all the avenues of remediation, and recommendations for a possible solution.

43. Data for diagnosis can be obtained in four major ways : Case history or Interview Clinical observation Informal testing Formal standardized testing

44. 4) Experimental type Research Design Professor R.A.Fisher’s name is associated with experimental designs. It’s origin in agricultural research was made by him when he was working in Rothamsted Experimental Station (Centre for Agricultural Research in England).

45. hypothesis-testing research studies known as experimental studies are those researcher tests the hypothesis of casual relationship between variables.

46. Experiment is a study in which the investigator manipulates or varies (called the independent variables ) & measures other variables (called the dependent variables ).

47. When an experiment is possible it is the most effective method of testing a hypothesis. i.e ; one variable ‘X’ casually influences another variable ‘Y’

48. There are three basic principles of experimental designs : The principle of replication The principle of randomization The principle of local control

49. 1. The principle of replication According to this , the experiment should be repeated more than once. Thus, each treatment is applied in many experimental units instead of one. By doing so, the statistical accuracy of the experiments is increased.

50. 2. The principle of randomisation This provides protection against the effects of extraneous factors by randomization. We may apply randomization principle and protect ourselves against the effects of the extraneous factors.

51. 3. The principle of local control According to this principle, we first divide the field into several homogeneous parts, known as blocks, and then each such block is divided into part equal to the number of treatments.

52. Advantages Lead to more accurate results. Give optimum efficiency and reliability.

53. Minimize the wastage of time as well as money. confidence in the research. Provides satisfaction & success.

54. INFORMAL DESIGN FORMAL DESIGN TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

55. FORMAL DESIGN Completely randomized Randomized block Latin square Factorial design

56. COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN: (CR DESIGN) In a completely randomized design , objects or subjects are assigned to groups completely at random . One standard method for assigning subjects to treatment groups is to label each subject, then use a table of random numbers to select from the labelled subjects. This may also be accomplished using a computer. It involves only two principle viz ; the principle of replication and randomization It is generally used when experimental areas happen to be homogenous Technically, when all the variations due to uncontrolled extraneous factors are included under the heading of chance variation , we refer to the design of experiment as CR Design

57. If an experimenter is aware of specific differences among groups of subjects or objects within an experimental group, he or she may prefer a randomized block design to a completely randomized design. In a block design, experimental subjects are first divided into homogeneous blocks before they are randomly assigned to a treatment group. If, for instance, an experimenter had reason to believe that age might be a significant factor in the effect of a given medication, he might choose to first divide the experimental subjects into age groups, such as under 30 years old, 30-60 years old, and over 60 years old. Then, within each age level, individuals would be assigned to treatment groups using a completely randomized design. In a block design, both control and randomization are considered. It is an improvement over the CR design. In the RB design the principle of local control can be applied along with the other two principles RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN: (RB DESIGN)

58. LATIN SQUARE DESIGN : (LS DESIGN) It is used in agricultural research . The treatment in a LS design are also allocated among the plots that no treatment occurs more than once in any row or column

59. It is used in experiments where the effects of varying more than one factor are to be determined. They are especially important in several economic and social phenomena where usually a large number of factors affect a particular problem FACTORIAL DESIGN

60. Informal research design After only design After only with control design Before & after without control design Before & after with control design Ex-post facto design

61. After-only design: This design consists of applying the experimental variables to an experimental group & measuring the dependent variable. After-only with control design: In this case two equivalent groups are selected: one is control group & other one is experiment group. The treatment is provided to the experimental group.

62. Before-after without control design: In this design the researcher measures the test unit (independent variables) before & after it has been subjected to the treatment. Before-after with control design: In this case an experimental unit is selected & studied during the experimental period.

63. Thnx all