Research Design and Application.ppts.pptx

This presentation covers Research Design and Application

1. Introduction Topic : Research Designs and Their Applications Objective: Understanding different experimental and quasi-experimental designs and reflecting on their importance.

2. Experimental Designs a) Post-Test Only Design: Explanation: The experimental group receives treatment X, while the control group does not. Compare post-test scores. Note: Initial conditions should be similar for both groups. b) Pretest-Posttest Design: Explanation: Pretest and posttest scores are compared for both experimental and control groups. Note: Helps control for baseline differences. - c) Solomon Four-Group Design: - Explanation: A combination of Pretest-Posttest and Post-Test Only Designs. - Note: Controls for pretest and treatment effects.

3. Quasi-Experimental Designs a) Non-Equivalent Groups Design: Explanation: Groups are not randomly assigned. Compare outcomes between groups. Note: Addresses non-randomization issues. b) Interrupted Time Series Design: Explanation: Outcomes are measured over time before and after an intervention. Note: Detects trends and changes due to the intervention. c) Regression Discontinuity Design: Explanation: Participants are assigned based on a cutoff score on a pretest. Note: Provides strong internal validity.

4. Validity Considerations a) Internal Validity: Definition: The accuracy of measuring the causal relationship. Concerns: Controlling for confounding variables and biases. b) External Validity: Definition: The generalizability of the results to other settings or populations. Concerns: Sample representativeness and context.

5. Key Study Findings: Impact of Schooling on Short-Term Memory Findings: Schooling enhances short-term memory in first-grade children. Design: A quasi-experimental design with limitations in random assignment.

6. Practical Considerations Challenges : Controlling variables and ensuring ethical practices in research. Recommendations: Use reliable methods, consider ethical issues, and apply findings appropriately.

7. Key Study Findings Short Term Memory Enhancement: Schooling improves memory in first grade children. Phonological Measures: Effects of both schooling and age.

8. Theoretical Implications Support for Maturation Theories: Validates Piaget's theories. Role of School Experiences: Highlights the impact of schooling on developmental changes between ages 5 and 7.

9. Study Design Quasi Experimental Design: Limited due to practical and ethical constraints. Design Limitations: Random Assignment Challenges: The school district rejected random assignment due to parental concerns. Ethical Concerns: Age based assignment could negatively impact child development.

10. Practical Considerations Administrative Difficulties: Experimental and control groups are often impractical in real world research. Research Design: A single group may need to serve both experimental and control purposes.

11. Conclusion 1. Summary: Explanation: Experimental designs are crucial in research as they help us understand how different factors influence outcomes. However, when choosing these designs, it is important to consider your research goals and existing constraints. Example: Suppose you want to evaluate the effectiveness of a new educational program. You need to assess whether your chosen experimental design can adequately answer this question. For example, if you only use a post test design, you may not fully capture how the program altered initial conditions.