Research Discussions for practical research

RESEARCH

1. Presentation By : Ms. Charlyn Mae B. Dumali

2. KIND GOAL VARIABLES AND EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE SAMPLE TITLES Descriptive to observe and report on a certain phenomenon Variables are measured as they occur Experimental manipulation is not used. Questionnaire Observation Assessing Nurnas Attitudes Toward Death and Caring for Dying Parients In a Comprebesive Concer Center (Lange, M., Tham, B, Kline, NE, 2008) Correlational to determine the nature of the relationship between variables without looking Into the cause Variables are measured as they occur Experimental manipulation is not used. Questionnaire Tests Observation The Relationship Between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in the Telecommunicationi Industry: Evidence from Nigeria (Ola, O., 2010 Ex post facto to infer the causes of a phenomenon which has already occurred Experimental manipulation is not used. Groups exposed to the presumed cause are compared with those who are not exposed to it. Questionnaire Comparison of Personal, Social and Academic Variables Related to University Drop-out Rate and Persistence (Bernardo, A., et al., 2016) Quasi-experimental to establish cause- and-effect relationships Experimental manipulation may have limited use. Intact (i.e., established) groups are used, each intact group is not randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups. tests The Impact of Smoking Baris on Smoking and Consumer Behavior Quasi-experimental Evide nce from Switzerland(Boes,S.,Merit, J .,M.2014)

3. KIND GOAL Variables and Experimental Manipulation Data Collection Technique Sample Titles Experiment a l T o establish couse- and-effect relationships Experimental manipulation is used Infact groups are not used, Individual subjects are randomly assigned to the treatment or control groups The random assignment of Individual subjects provides more conclusiveness as to the causal relationships between the variables Tests Effects of Mobile Technology Use an Walking (Perlmutter, S., et ol, 2014)

4. Kinds of Variables and their Uses A variable is any element which can be measured for quantity or quality. When conducting a quantitative study, you are expected to measure or figure out the relationships between your variables. You may also manipulate or control these variables, depending on the kind of research you are conducting. One way of classifying variables is through determining their nature. Based on this classification. the two general types of variables are the quantitative and qualitative variables.

5. Quantitative variables can be measured numerically They are the variables used primarily in quantitative research. They can be classified under two types: discrete and continuous Discrete variables can be counted. They can only be denoted by positive whole numbers and are not described in ranges. Some examples of discrete variables are frequency of behavior and group sizes. Continuous variables (also referred to as interval variables) are measured in ranges and can be denoted by non-whole numbers. Continuous variables can have positive or negative values. They can also be expressed as fractions. Temperature is an example of a continuous variable.

6. Ratio variables are a special type of continuous variable. This type of variable cannot have a negative value. When the value of a ratio variable is zero, it means that there is none of that variable. Some examples of ratio variables are age, height, weight, distance, and test scores. Qualitative variables are also referred to as categorical variables. Despite lacking numerical value, these variables can still be used in quantitative research. They involve assigning values to specific categories or groups ( eg , blood type, color). Categorical variables are of two types: dichotomous and nominal.

7. Dichotomous variables are those that have only two distinct categories or values. An example of a dichotomous variable is the response to a "yes/no" question. Nominal variables have more than two categories or values. Some examples of nominal variables are hair color, marital status, blood type, mode of transportation, source of Income, and citizenship.

8. Ordinal variables, meanwhile, are variables that exhibit the characteristics of both quantitative and qualitative types. Ordinal variables have values that can be ranked or ordered these value can be numerical like quantitative variables. However, they can also be arranged in a non-numerical classes like qualitative variables. For instance, frequency is described as rare, seldom, sometimes, almost always, or always; values or ratings are denoted as A+, A, B+, or B.

9. A dependent variable is the variable examined for changes. It is also considered to be the presumed effect in experimental research. An independent variable is the variable that is considered to affect the dependent variable. As such, it is the presumed cause in experimental research.

10. This means that it is the variable that the researcher manipulates to see whether it causes changes on the dependent variable. It is often best to refrain from using the terms "dependent variable" and "independent variable" in non-experimental kinds of quantitative research, such as in descriptive, correlational, and ex post facto studies.

11. There is the extraneous variable which is any variable not categorized as a dependent or independent variable in a study. It is an undesired variable that can influence the results of an experiment. By knowing the extraneous variables, you will be able to lessen their adverse effects on your study. A special type of extraneous variable is the confounding variable which is a variable that a researcher fails to control and threatens the validity of an experiment's procedure. This means that it is possible that the confounding variable has a relationship with the dependent variable and not the independent variable.

12. Let us give an example to better differentiate the types of variables based on their purpose. You are conducting a study on the effects of using Microsoft Word on the writing performance of students. The independent variable is the use of Microsoft Word, while the dependent variable is the students writing performance. One possible extraneous variable in this study is the time and venue of writing. Conducting the test in a non-air-conditioned room may negatively affect the students' writing performance. If this variable is not controlled, it may become the main factor behind the poor writing performance of the students and not the use of Microsoft Word. Then, it ceases to be an extraneous variable and becomes a confounding variable.

13. CONTESTANTS JUDGE 1 JUDGE 2 1.(acrylic) 86 83 2..(acrylic) 80 82 3.(oil) 76 80 4.(oil) 90 86 5.(watercolor) 87 89 6.(watercolor) 87 91

14. Quantitative variable(s) _________________________ Qualitative variable(s) __________________________ Ordinal variable(S) _____________________________ Dependent variable ___________________________ Independent variable ___________________________ Extranneous variable ___________________________

15. Importance of Quantitative Research in Different Fields Quantitative research has an undeniable impact on the different aspects of society. The findings of a particular quantitative study can influence crucial decisions affecting different organizations and individuals. For instance, companies may use quantitative data in evaluating the effectiveness of certain leadership styles on employee performance. Educators can utilize quantitative research in examining the relationship between the performance of teachers and the academic proficiency of students. Quantitative research can also be used to better understand the relationships between environmental phenomena such as carbon emissions and the melting of ice caps. The following are other instances in which quantitative research can contribute to the development of specific fields

16. Social inquiry: to better understand the behavior and social interactions among individuals Sample Study : Malouff , J. M, Schutte, N. S, Rooke, S. E., & MacDonell , G. (2012). Effects on Smokers of Exposure to Graphic Warning Images. The American Journal on Addictions, 21 (6)555-557. Arts, to investigate methods or approaches that enhance one's creativity Sample Study : Brinegar , J. & Capra, R. (2011). Managing Music Across Multiple Devices and Computers. In Proceedings of the 2011 iConference (pp. 489-495).

17. Information and Communications Technology to examine the trends and tendencies in the use of information technology Sample Study : Tripathi, M., & Kumar, S. (2014). Use of Online Resources at Jawaharlal NehruUniversity : A Quantitative Study: Program, 48 (3), 272-292. Science, to determine the effectiveness of a newly developed medicine, treatment, or approach in addressing health problems Sample Study : Fatmah , IH. (2013). Effect of Tempeh Dates Biscuits on Nutritional Status of Preschool Children with Tuberculosis. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 19 (2), 173-184.

18. Agriculture and Fisheries: to examine how agriculture in a particular community is influenced by global trends Sample Study : Namisiko , P, & Aballo , M. (2013). Current Status of E-agriculture and Global Trends: A Survey Conducted in Trans- Nzoia County, Kenya. International Journal of Science and Research, 2 (7), 18-22. Sports: to understand the relationship between one's health and athletic performance Sample Study : Jones, J. G., & Hardy, L. (1989). Stress and Cognitive Functioning in Sports. Journal of Sports Sciences, 7 (1), 41-63.

19. Business: to assess approaches that will help companies in their decision-making practices Sample Study : Ali, R., & Ahmed, M. S. (2009). The Impact of Reward and RecognitionPrograms on Employee's Motivation and Satisfaction: An Empirical Study. InternationalReview of Business Research Papers, 5 (4), 270-279.

20. AREA PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE AND EXAMPLE Arts and Design Humanities and Social Sciences Education Sports Natural and Physical Sciences, Technology. Engineering, and Mathematics Business and Accounting Agriculture and Fisheries Information and Communications Technology

21. Social Inquiry

22. Thank You