RESEARCH ETHICS.pptx

morals to consider while conducting Research

1. DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY AYO NELSON BPH LU RESEARCH ETHICS

2. DO YOU VALUE Things? Research Ethics

3. TOPIC OUTLINE: Definition of Research Ethics Why study research ethics? Research Participants Ethical Principles

4. Research is defined as any form of disciplined inquiry that aims to contribute to a body of knowledge or theory. Research is a social activity . Research is a scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of facts that links man’s speculation with reality. ‘Research ethics’ refers to the moral principles guiding research from its inception through to its completion and publication of results and beyond. Research and Research Ethics

5. Individuals from whom the researcher may obtain data. Through interaction (e.g., surveys) Identifiable private information (e.g., student records) “Effective and ethical relationships will aid to make more rapid progress on the project” Research Participants

6. Ethics is defined as the norms for conduct  that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Ethics in research is actually the application of ethical principles to a variety of topics involving research. These include the design and implementation of research Ethics in Research

7. Is the application of fundamental principles to a variety of topics involving research . provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. Educates and monitors the conduct of research to ensure high ethical standard . Definition of Research Ethics

8. Objectives of Research Objectives To protect human participants To ensure that research is conducted in that serves interests of individuals, groups and or society as a whole To examine specific research activities and projects for their ethical soundness, protection of confidentiality and the process of informed consent.

9. Importance of Ethics in Research Protects the vulnerable group and other study participants Participants are safeguarded from exploitation Establishes risk-benefit ratio for the study subjects Ensure fullest respect, dignity, privacy, disclosure and fair treatment for study subjects Build capacity of subjects to accept or reject participation in the study Builds public support for research Promotes aims of research

10. Issues related to ethical concern in research Plagiarism: is the use of someone else’s words or ideas as your own without giving appropriate credit or without the person’s consent to use his or her words or ideas without acknowledgment Research with animals Falsification Research with human Authorship Data Misuse of privileged information

11. Why have ethical standards? Protect rights and welfare of participants Ensure accuracy of scientific knowledge Protect intellectual rights

12. Knowing what constitutes ethical research is important for all people who conduct research projects. All researchers should be familiar with the basic ethical principles and have up-to-date knowledge about policies and procedures designed. WHY?.. to ensure the safety of research subjects and to prevent sloppy or irresponsible research Why study research ethics?

13. Research Ethics PRINCIPLES

14. CONSENT Permission/ approval HARM Misbehaviour /safety DECEPTION dishonesty PRIVACY Secrecy/confidentiality

15. There are ethical principles  that should be taken into account when performing research. PRINCIPLE ONE: Minimize the risk of harm PRINCIPLE TWO: Obtain informed consent PRINCIPLE THREE: Protect confidentiality or privacy PRINCIPLE FOUR: Avoid deceptive practices Principles of Research Ethics

16. PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH ETHICS Respect for autonomy Refers to the requirement to ensure that research participants are entirely free to make a choice about their participation in a research study. In order to be in a position to make such a choice they must be given sufficient information about the research and what participation involves, they have to be sufficiently competent to understand this information and to understand it to their own satisfaction.

17. CONT……… They must also be free from influence or coercion. In ethical terms this means that researchers have to obtain ‘informed consent’ and provide assurance that non-participation or withdrawal from participation can occur with no adverse consequences for the participants.

18. Obtain Informed consent from potential research participants. means that participants should understand that  they are taking part in research and what the research requires of them. When in doubt, ask for permission Consent should always be obtained in writing Elements: Capacity Ability: individual is competent enough to understand, evaluate, and make a decision of whether to participate or not Age Information Is it complete/comprehensive and fully understood? Voluntariness Subjects have the choice to participate or withdraw and are aware of this choice CONSENT

19. Informed Consent To obtain informed consent you need to provide the following to the participants: Discuss to them the purpose of research What they will be doing and for how long Offer to withdraw at any time for any reason Potential benefits to participants Harm or risk of discomfort How privacy will be protected Instructions on how to get copy of results

20. The process of obtaining consent Identify participant population Produce information sheet and consent document Obtain permission Present research information to participant and discuss its contents – indicating that withdrawal at any time is possible Answer participants questions Give a copy of the consent document Allow the participant time to consider Meet participant and discuss documents, to answer any more questions and assess participants understanding Obtain appropriate signed consent Start research 20

21. I have read the Information Sheet and have had the details of the study explained to me. My questions have been answered to my satisfaction, and I may ask further questions at any time. I understand I have the right to withdraw from the study at any time and decline to answer any particular questions. I agree to provide information to the researcher(s) on the understanding that my name will not be used without my permission. I agree/do not agree to the interview being recorded electronically. I understand that I have the right to ask for the tape to be turned off at any time during the interview I agree to participate in this study under the conditions set out in the information sheet Signature – Name - Date

22. 2. Non-maleficence The principle of non-maleficence means that researchers have an obligation not to inflict harm on their study participants . It could be argued that the use of some research methods may cause minor discomfort or ‘harm’. For example taking a blood sample may cause temporary discomfort, pain or bruising. Asking certain questions may cause psychological ‘harm’ such as embarrassment, distress or unwelcome emotions. It is the researcher’s duty to weigh up the potential for harm against the benefits of the study and to come to a justifiable conclusion.

23. It is not harm that you need to think about since a researcher does not intentionally go out to cause harm. Rather, it is the risk of harm that you should try to minimise. HOW?

24. Privacy: the rights of individuals to hold information about themselves free from the knowledge of others Confidentiality : the assurance that information about identifiable persons will not be disclosed without consent except as allowed by law If a similar study of yours exist, why do you need to repeat it?? Maybe the conclusion was not clear & you want to confirm it, extend it, or refute it . A researcher must be responsible holding the information. Sensitivity of topic &/or data Can responses/results affect the subject’s life if known by others How public/private is the setting? Public display of the data Personally identifiable information should be removed or changed PRIVACY

25. Confidentiality and Anonymity Confidentiality is a basic requirement in all studies (sagepub.com) The researcher agrees not to reveal the identity of the participants to anyone other than the researcher. A stronger condition if it can be met is that of anonymity. This means the identity of the participant is not known by anyone including the researcher. EXAMPLE: Conducting survey to a large group of people Fill-out the instrument but not include the names on the survey form. The researcher will have the data but no names.

26. 3. Beneficence The principle of beneficence has two elements – positive beneficence and utility beneficence . Positive beneficence means doing positive good in the sense that the research has some value scientifically, practically or educationally i.e. it must address an important question. Utility beneficence refers to the requirement that the researcher ‘balances benefits and drawbacks’ to produce the best overall results.

27. 4. Justice The principle of justice means treating people equally and fairly and ensuring that they are accorded their full rights.

28. Often tied to the informed part of consent how can participants know (a) that they are taking part in research and (b) what the research requires of them if they are being deceived ? Omission: withhold information (the information was refused to give) Commission: provide false information i.e., lying Establishing false intimacy DECEPTION

29. Good practice in Research Confidentiality of information Voluntary participation Reducing risks to participants Informed consent Protection of data

30. What is publication? It is the dissemination of your findings to the scientific community Scientific publications are subject to peer review Publication of research findings: Researchers have a responsibility to their colleagues and the wider community to disseminate a full account of their research as broadly as possible. The account should be complete, and, where applicable, include negative findings and results contrary to their hypotheses.

31. References Dr. M. Macdonald, Ethical Issues in Research into Applied Linguistics and Language Education http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/ http://dissertation.laerd.com/principles-of-research-ethics.php