Research in education

This presentation gives an outline of research its nature, need and scope with special reference to Educational Research

1. INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Research – meaning, objectives of Research- Characteristics, Scope and Need for research, Ethics in doing Research – Plagiarism and its consequences – Research Proposal

2. Meaning of Research search for knowledge an art of scientific investigation endless quest for knowledge unending search for truth a movement from the known to the unknown voyage of discovery The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English - “A careful investigation or inquiry through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.”

3. Definition of Research Research is an honest, exhaustive, intelligent searching of facts and their meanings or implications with reference to a problem. – P.M. Cook Research is a systematized effort to gain new knowledge – Redman and Mory Research is the scientific investigation into and study of material, sources etc. in order to establish facts and the reach new conclusions – The new Oxford English Dictionary

4. Nature and Characteristics of Research Research is a systematic and critical investigation into a phenomenon. It is not mere compilation of facts. It adopts scientific method. It is objective & Logical It is based on empirical evidence. Research is directed towards finding answers to questions. It emphasis the generalization of theories and principles .

5. Objectives of Research To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables

6. Characteristics of research Empirical – Research is based on observations and experimentation Systematic – Research follows an orderly and sequential procedure . Controlled – Research controls all variables involved in the research process Employs hypothesis – Research uses hypotheses to ensure its findings . Analytical – Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data Objective , Unbiased, & Logical – All findings of research are logically based on empirical data. Replicability – The research design and procedures are replicated to arrive at valid and conclusive results .

7. Significance of research to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. help us identify the range and applications of them. fountain of knowledge and provides guide-lines for solving problems. Provides basis for many government policies . for higher gain and productivity and to improve the quality of products. Mathematical and logical research optimizes production and solves problems to increase output. It leads to the identification and characterization of new materials, new living things, new stars, etc.

8. Educational Research investigates the behaviour of students, teachers, administrators, parents and other members of the community who interact with educational institutions. careful , systematic investigation into any aspect of education. application of the principles and methods of scientific research for the solution of problems in the field of education. main function of research in education is to find improvement in teaching and learning.

9. Definition on Educational Research According to Mouly , ‘Educational Research is the systematic application of scientific method for solving educational problems’. According to Travers, ‘Educational Research is an application of scientific method to the study of educational problems’. According to Whitney, ― Educational Research aims at finding out solution of educational problems by using scientific philosophical method .

10. Nature of Educational research It is highly purposive. It gathers knowledge of new data. A sound philosophy of education forms the basis of educational research. It needs imagination and insight and scientific attitude of mind. Any teacher with reasonable common sense and intelligence can undertake educational research. It usually employs deductive reasoning.

11. Nature of Educational research It requires an interdisciplinary approach. An educational problem can require the characteristics of several disciplines like philosophy, psychology, sociology anthropology, history and political science. It generally needs inexpensive material. It is based on interdependence of cause and effect. Educational research cannot be a mechanical process. Better education, better schools and better results of education are the chief purpose of educational research.

12. Need and Importance of Educational Research Lead man towards progress Improve educational practices Realize the meanings of specific concepts Design and develop curriculum Prevent wastage and stagnation Enhance Teaching and Learning competence

13. Need and Importance of Educational Research Individualizing Instruction Develop and Standardize Tests Improve and foster creativity among educators and learners. Research is needed in special subjects particularly in reading, handwriting, spelling, arithmetic etc. Educational research is needed to find out ways and means to help special children. Research in education is needed to identify the gifted and slow learners and to cater them .

14. Scope of Educational Research Educational Psychology Philosophy of Education Sociology of Education Economics of Education Educational Administration Comparative Education Educational Evaluation Educational Technology Teacher Education and Teaching Behaviour Curriculum Construction and text books Guidance and Counseling

15. Scope of Educational Research Educational Psychology Intelligence Aptitude Attitudes Interest Motivation Personality traits Needs and adjustments of pupils Creativity Education of the exceptional Children Achievement Motivation Learning difficulties in children Problem of socially handicapped or the Juvenile delinquents Philosophy of Education Need for philosophy or education Special features of Indian philosophy Indian philosophy and Indian Education Regrouping of Indian Philosophic Thoughts The abiding elements in Indian philosophy of education

16. Scope of Educational Research Sociology of Education Impact of population explosion on education Problems of tribal cultures Social determinates of educability of children Organizational climate Leadership behaviour in educational institutions Role of education in family planning Education of weaker sections Economics of Education Construction of efficiency indicators for school units Cost behaviour of educational institutions Cost benefit analysis with respect to different levels of education Economic evaluation of various educational programmes like agricultural education, vocational education, worker’s education, adult education and extension education, undertaken by state and central governments Educational Administration Job analysis of headmasters, principals, D.E.O’s Job satisfaction of teachers and non-teaching staff Job involvement of teachers Institutional planning Use of systems approach

17. Scope of Educational Research Comparative Education Education and national development, Curriculum reorganizations, Educational control, The role of universities Social education Educational Evaluation Grade system of marking Semester system of examination Orientation of paper-setters/workshop for preparing test items Development of question bank in each subject Supplementing essay type tests with objective type tests Supplementing external examinations with continuous internal assessment Using aptitude tests (entrance examinations) for the admission of students to various courses/ programmes Educational Technology Preparation and validation of programmed learning materials Development of ‘self learning packages’ Preparation of multimedia presentations through computer Use of systems approach in evaluating educational technology

18. Scope of Educational Research Teacher Education and Teaching Behaviour Developing classroom interaction analysis systems and using them to study the teaching behaviour of teachers Skills development through micro-teaching Teaching aptitude Personality profiles of different categories of teachers Developing/evaluating different models of teaching Efficiency of team-teaching Curriculum Construction and text books Critical appraisal of curricular structure and content Development of ‘Modules’ for learning, in different content areas Guidance and Counseling Development of tools and tests to assess abilities and talents, diagnose difficulties etc. Examination stress and its management Mental health of school children Social maturity of higher secondary school students

19. Ethics in doing Research ethics ‘refers to moral principles of guiding conduct, which are held by a group or even by a professional ’. The Oxford Dictionary defines ethics as: ‘moral principles that govern a person’s behaviour or the conducting of an activity. American Educational Research Association (AERA) sets forth the principles and ethical standards that underlie education researchers’ professional responsibilities and conduct .

20. Principles of Ethical Conduct Principle A: Professional Competence Principle B: Integrity Principle C: Professional, Scientific, and Scholarly Principle D: Respect for People’s Rights, Dignity, and Diversity Principle E: Social Responsibility

21. Ethical Standards Scientific, Scholarly and Professional Standards Fabrication, Falsification, and Plagiarism Avoiding Harm Nondiscrimination Confidentiality Informed Consent Authorship Credit Objectivity Public Communication Harassment

22. Plagiarism and its consequences Meaning of Plagiarism According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to “plagiarize” means to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own to use (another's production) without crediting the source to commit literary theft to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source. The Oxford English Dictionary defines plagiarism as “the action or practice of plagiarizing; the wrongful appropriation or stealing, and publication as one’s own, of the ideas, or the expression of the ideas (literary, artistic, musical, mechanical, etc.) of another”.

23. Consequences of Plagiarism Destroyed Student Reputation Destroyed Professional Reputation Destroyed Academic Reputation Legal Repercussions Monetary Repercussions Plagiarized Research

24. Avoiding Plagiarism To incorporate and use other’s ideas in one’s own work, one may choose one of the following methods: 1. Quoting: Quotation marks are used directly around the words and source is cited. This is used when an important information (such as a definition) is to be used. 2. Paraphrasing: Paraphrasing is to state the source’s central idea in one’s own words. It may include change in structure, voice or parts of speech in the sentence. 3. Summarizing: It includes the source’s identity and a summary of the whole idea of the source. The information is passed on neutrally (as source’s perspective) without one’s own biases.

25. Research Proposal The research proposal is an important step in developing a research project. It helps the researcher to further define the research question and enables the researcher to demonstrate how he/she intend to go about answering the research question. It is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research, as well as your proposed methodology and chosen research method .

26. Need for Research Proposal It is just like the blue print, which an architect prepares before the construction of building starts. it helps the researcher to think about the research project and predict the difficulties that might arise in carrying out the research project. can be a space to explore options and helps the researcher to easily compare and evaluate the scope of different projects. effective starting places to discuss projects with the research guide or research supervisors . help the researcher to remain on track throughout the research process. help the researcher to refocus in an effective manner.

27. Types of Research Proposal The most common proposal is of the type that is prepared by those who wish to undertake research for their master’s or doctoral degree in education. The second type of research proposal is one that is submitted by a researcher to a private or government agency for financial assistance. Finally the third category is the research proposal that is submitted by a university or a college teacher to some research organization such as UGC, NCERT, ICSSR etc .,

28. Preparation of Research Proposal Introduction Title Statement of the problem: Review of related literature Hypothesis Significance of the study: Definition of Terms and Concepts: Delimitations of the study: Basic Assumptions Procedures for Collecting Data Sampling: Tools Procedures for Treating Data Bibliography Time Schedule Budget Schedule