Research Method: Types of Research Designs

This session explains the basics of research, characteristics of social research, typologies of research designs, and examples from published results.

1. Research Methodology: Types of Research Designs Dr. Rajeev K umar MSW ( TISS, Mumbai ), M.P hil (CIP, Ranchi ) UGC-JRF, P h .D . (IIT Kharagpur) 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 1

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3. Why do we do research? 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 3

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5. Difference between facts and opinion 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 5

6. Reports of Empirical Studies Review Articles Theoretical Articles Methodological Article Case studies Other less frequently published types of articles (brief reports, comments, and monographs) How to assess the strength and quality of research findings 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 6

7. Before moving ahead …..lets learn few terms What is generalization? Difference between sample and census What is representativeness Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 7

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17. Steps to make concept note Choose a broad area/title of your interest Selected the factors/ variables related to that broad title Now recollect field work experience or knowledge gained from books Systematize the your prior (experience +knowledge) Now using brainstorming techniques ( individual or group) Make the conceptual diagram of problem/issue Assess the causative relation between factors/variables Examine the secondary data and available literature to test your assumption Take the cues from limitations and future directions from research articles to find research gaps List out the research gaps And select the research gaps those are feasible and relevant to available time and resource to you. Based on research gaps, draw your research question, and make a broad aim And based on broad aim and research questions, define narrow objectives. 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 17

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20. Difference between qualitative and quantitative Quantitative designs approach social phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often rely on statistical analysis of many cases (or across intentionally designed treatments in an experiment) to create valid and reliable general claims. Related to quantity. Qualitative designs emphasize understanding of social phenomena through direct observation, communication with participants, or analysis of texts, and may stress contextual subjective accuracy over generality. Related to quality. 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 20

21. Pre-post experimental design Quasi-experimental design Cohort design Retrospective cohort Prospective cohort Research design based on time 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 21

22. Census/ Survey/ GO/NGO data Data in form of text and observation Numerical data Newspaper clip, Video, printed interview Review of articles Extensive literature review Systematic review Meta-analysis Research designs based on source of data and fact 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 22

23. Cross-sectional (FGD/IDI) Longitudinal (Participant observation /Ethnography Longitudinal data Prospective Cohort Experimental studies Cross-sectional Field Survey Longitudinal data Retrospective cohort or Panel data Research designs: when time, type, and source of data merges Cross-sectional Recent news Cross-sectional Census/ Government survey Longitudinal Archival data 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 23

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28. An example of exploratory research 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 28 Reference: Chen , Z., Cao, H., Xu, F., Cheng, M., Wang, T., & Li, Y. (2020). Understanding the Role of Intermediaries in Online Social E-commerce: An Exploratory Study of Beidian .  Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction ,  4 (CSCW2), 1-24.

29. Stephen Hawking: A perfect example of theoretical research 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 29

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32. When time becomes factor 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 32

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35. Reference: Kujur , N. S., Kumar, R., & Verma, A. N. (2010). Differences in levels of disability and quality of life between genders in schizophrenia remission.  Industrial psychiatry journal ,  19 (1), 50 . doi :  10.4103/0972-6748.77638 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 35

36. Retrospective cohort 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 36

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38. Example of retrospective cohort design METHODOLOGY This study is a retrospective analysis of usable data from a cohort of 889 people died of AIDS, who were enrolled in the ART center, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. Data were obtained from medical case records of AIDS-deceased, retrospectively from October 1, 2006 to December 31, 2014. ART center reported 960 cases of AIDS mortality. Of the 960 reported cases, 940 cases were accessed record fi les. Of those, 889 medical records had complete information as per the norms of the World Health Organization. Reference: Kumar , R., Suar, D., Singh, S. K., & Bhattacharya, S. D. (2020). Why do AIDS Sufferers on Antiretroviral Therapy Die Early?—Evidence from Jharkhand in India. In  Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Other Social Characteristics as Factors in Health and Health Care Disparities . Emerald Publishing Limited. pp. 199-216.  https://doi.org/10.1108/S0275-495920200000038015 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 38

39. Difference between cohort and panel data Cohort Studies There are however some differences between panel studies and cohorts. cohort studies follow a homogeneous age group, it is easier to design a questionnaire that is relevant for respondents. Panel surveys on the other hand, study a heterogeneous age group, and so the questionnaire needs to be more generic Ref: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/435301/1/WP4_The_choice_between_a_panel_and_cohort_study_design.pdf 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 39

40. Example of panel data research A panel data regression was run using LIMDEP software to examine the relationship of new infection of HIV/AIDS for the period 2002 – 2009 with per capita income of 32 Indian states and union territories of the same period. The data for the period 2002 – 2009 were obtained from the Reserve Bank of India ( 2010 ) and all the per capita income was with reference to the base year 2004. Hausman value for the model was signi fi cant ( χ 2 (1) = 6.76, p < .009) and per capita income inversely predicted the incidence of HIV ( β = − .369, Standard error of β = .059, t = 6.49, p < .001, R 2 = .93). Kumar, R., Suar, D., & Singh, S. K. (2017). Regional differences, socio-demographics, and hidden population of HIV/AIDS in India. AIDS Care , 29 (2), 204–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1211605 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 40

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42. Independent variable= amount of bio fertilizer Dependent variable= growth of plant 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 42

43. Independent variable = Amount of tobacco consumption Dependent variable= occurrence of cancer 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 43

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45. Reference: Kumar, R., Suar, D., & Singh, S. K. (2020). Impact of Psychosocial Intervention on Emotional Disorders and Medication Adherence in HIV/AIDS. In S. N. Mohanty (Ed.), Emotion and Information Processing: A Practical approach . Switzerland, AG: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48849-9 Example of experimental studies 2.2 Method 2.2.1 Design This study employed the pre-post experimental design. The study examines the effects of psychosocial intervention on emotional disorders and social issues faced by persons infected with HIV/AIDS. This study was conducted at the antiretroviral therapy (ART) center of Jharkhand (India). Ten PLHA having psychosocial problems were selected conveniently, who were willing to participate in the study, and signed an informed consent form. However, only six participants completed all sessions for psychosocial intervention spanning 6 months. 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 45

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47. Example of Ex-Post facto/ Quasi-experimental design Reference: Braga , A. A., Hureau , D. M., & Papachristos , A. V. (2011). An ex post facto evaluation framework for place-based police interventions.  Evaluation review ,  35 (6), 592-626. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X11433827 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 47

48. Keep learning……………………..to be continued I n the next session, we will discuss about sampling methods, appropriateness, and its practical demonstration. Thanks for your patience and inclination to learn. 9/9/2021 ©Dr. Rajeev Kumar 2021 48