Research methodology

Research Methodology

1. 1
UIS18503
Research
Methodology
Dr. Ramu Vasu

2. Research Methodology

3. WhatisResearch?
Research
Re-search solution for a Problem / Gain More
Information.

4. Whatisresearch?
totheResearchmeansfindinganswers questions.
It is a systematic search for truth.
Throughresearch,newandoriginalinformation,ideasabout
theworldwelivein,areobtained.
Researchissearchforknowledge.
ascientificandResearchisdefinedas
systematicsearchfor informationona
specifictopic.

5. 6
Amount of
knowledge
Advancement of
Technology
Utility of
Applications
Quality of
Life
Application Development
Applied Research
Basic Research
Curiosity

6. 6

7. Select you Title
–A study on customer satisfaction towards Zomato with special reference to Chennai.
–Marketing 80
–Hr 15
–Finance Stock Market Company financial Position. 5
–Problem Statement.
–Is customer are satisfied with Zomato Food Service?
–Objective of Study
–Primary Objective
–Secondary objective
–Primary Objective
–Is customer are satisfied with Zomato Food Service?
–Secondary objective
7

8. 1.Title
2.Introduction( Industry and Company)
3.StatementoftheProblem
4.ReviewofLiterature
5.ObjectivesoftheStudy
6.Hypothesesfor theStudy
7.ResearchDesignandMethodology
8.ConceptualFramework
9.Report WritingandImplications of theStudy
10.FinancialAssistanceRequired
11.Conclusion
12.SelectBibliography

9. WHAT IS RESEARCH?
•Research is systematic, because it follows certain steps that
are logical in order.
These steps are:
1.Understanding the nature of problemto be studied and
identifying the related area of knowledge.
1.Reviewing literature to understand how others have
approached or dealt with the problem.
( 1.to be update.2. Inputs Variables & Model. 3. Authenticated)

10. 10
1.Research Design.
2.Collecting data in an organized and controlled
manner so as to arrive at valid decisions.
4.Analyzing data appropriate to the problem.
5.Finding & sugestions.
6.Drawing conclusions and making decision
based upon the research.

11. AccordingtoCliffordWoody(Kothari1988)research comprises of ,
“Defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis
orsuggestedsolutions;
evaluatingdata;making
collecting,organizingand
deductionsandreaching
conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether
they fit the formulating hypothesis.”

12. AccordingtoRedmanandMory(1923),definedresearchisa
"systematizedefforttogainnewknowledge“.
IntheEncyclopediaofSocialSciences,D.Slesingerand
M. Stephension (1930) defined research as
"themanipulationofthings,conceptorsymbolsfor
thepurposeofgeneralizingtoextend,correctorverifyknowledge,whether
thatknowledgeaidsinconstructionoftheoryorinpracticeofanart".

13. 1.To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
2.To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group
3.To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with
which it is associated with something else
4.To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables

14. EnvironmentalLevel
1.Technologicalinnovations.
2.Competitors Analysis.
3.Industryfears.
4.NewMarketentry.
5.Newproductdevelopment
Organizational Level
1.HRM.
2.Finance.
3.Production.
4.Organizational Effectiveness and
Success.
MarketingLevel
1.Product.
2.Price.
3.Place.
4.Promotion.
5.Sales.
6.Customer.
Scopeofresearch

15. Environmentallevel
•Technologicalinnovations:Researchis
conductedtoknow&adaptnew
technological innovations,
developmentsinmachinery,method,
etc.used.Fore.g.,toknowlevelofuse
of informationtechnologye.g.
Networking,Tally,SAP,etc.inthe
organization.

16. Environmentallevel
•Economical,Socio-Cultural,Natural,
Political-LegalEnvironments:
Researchis
alsodoneto
characteristics,
knowthe
complexity,
dynamismofsocio-Cultural,
economical,political-legal,
givesthewhichultimately idea
ofthe potential,
feasibility, viability etc. of the market.

17. Environmentallevel
•Competitors
Companies
Analysis:
conducts
researchforstudyingthe
competitors,
strategicpatternsof
their
strengths&weaknesses
formaking better
strategiesforcompeting
effectivelyinorderto
thesurvive&thrivein
market.

18. Environmentallevel
•Industryfears:Researchisconducted
sometimestoknowthesurvival&growth
opportunitiesofanindustry.itmaybedue
totheextinctionofrawmaterial/sourcesof
rawmaterial.E.g.Finishingstockof
Petroliam,coalmaycausetheextinctionfor
automobile&powerindustrythusresearch
for alternativesources/solutionsis
conducted.Fortheabovee.g.thesolutions
areelectriccar(automobile),CNGgas
generatedAutomobile,Batterydriven
Automobiles.

19. Environmentallevel
•NewMarketentry:Beforemaking
anyentryintoanynewmarket,
companies conduct
research/pilotsurveyto
knowmarket
commercial
potential,
feasibility,
growthrate
levelof
forthe
theacceptance
consumers.

20. Environmentallevel
•New product
development:Research is
mainlyconductedto
knowneeds,
desires,
wants,
tastes,
problems,preference,
demography,
psychography etc.of
consumers.Onthebasisofwhich
Organizationsmaydevelopnew
products&Services.

21. Organizationallevel
•HRM:it isrelatedto
Efficiency,productivity,
Effectiveness, performance,
Satisfaction levelof
Employees, structure,
cultureetc.of the
organization.

22. Organizationallevel
•Finance:Itmayberelatedtoanyoperationlikefinancialanalysis,Capital
structure,Ratioanalysisetc.Researchisdonetoevaluatetheperformanceor
viabilityoftheexistingsystems/procedures
–/approachesforthesame,inordertoimprovetheexistingoneordevelopnew
methodsforthe
same.Ultimatelythe
remainsforreducing
motive
loss&
increaseprofitability.

23. Organizationallevel
•Production:Here,researchisrelatedtoknowand
improvetheefficiency,productivity,effectivenesslevelof
workers
–,processplanning,materialsplanning,layout,purchasing
etc.which
objectives
minimization
ultimately of
&
have
cost
Profit
maximization.

24. Organizationallevel
•OrganizationalEffectivenessandSuccess:Itisrelatedtoeffectiveness,
efficiency,rationality,viabilityofgeneral
management,administration,systems,procedures,operations,
policies,rules
prevailing currentlyin
,Regulationsetc.
the
organization.Anyresearchwhichcan
contributetoenhancetheeffectivenessof
theorganizationortowardsthesuccessof
theorganization

25. Marketinglevel
•Product:Researchisconductedto
improvequality,features,design,
packaging,labeling,and
differentiationetc.oftheproducts
orservices.

26. Marketinglevel
•Price:Researchisconductedforthe
costminimization,determiningPricing
methods(strategies),developnew
pricingstrategiesetc.fortheproductin
ordertoattract&retainthe
customers.

27. Marketinglevel
•Place:Researchisalsoconductedfor
evaluating& improvingthe
performance,satisfaction,effectiveness
of
channels
agents
thedistribution
(Retailers,Dealers, etc.)

28. Marketinglevel
•Promotion:Researchisalsoconducted
todetermine&developappropriate&
new approaches/methodsfor
Advertising,Salespromotionasperthe
targetmarket.

29. Marketinglevel
•Sales:Researchisconducted
toknow the
performance(sales
sales
audit),
effectiveness&efficiencyofthesales
force,DeterminationofSalesQuota,
definingSales
Territory, developing
innovative& effectivesales
training & motivating
techniques

30. Marketinglevel
•Customer:currenttrendofshopping&
Consumptionpatternsofconsumers
Scope.

31. 31

32. CharacteristicsofResearch
1.Reliabity
2.Validity
3.Accuracy
4.Credibility
5.Generalizability
6.Empirical
7.Systematicapproach
8.Controlled

33. Types ofResearch

34. MajorTypesofResearch
1.DescriptiveResearch
2.AnalyticalResearch
3.Applied Research
4.BasicResearch
5.QuantitativeResearch
6.QualitativeResearch
7.Conceptual Research
8.Non-ScientificMethods

35. DescriptiveResearch(90)
•Surveysandfactfindingenquiriesofdifferentkinds
•Purposeisthedescriptionofthestateofaffairsasit
existsinpresent
•ExPostFactoResearch
•Researcherhasnocontroloverthevariables;hecanonly
reportwhathashappenedorwhatishappening

36. Subdivisions ofDescriptiveResearch
•SurveyResearch
•TheCaseStudy
•CorrelationalStudy
•ComparativeStudy

37. AnalyticalResearch
in-depthstudyand of
available
•Involves
evaluation
information inanattemptto
explain complex phenomenon
•Theresearcherhastousefactsorinformation
alreadyavailableandanalyzethesetomakea
criticalevaluationofthematerial

38. SubdivisionsofAnalyticalResearch
•Historical Research
•Philosophical Research
•Review
•Research synthesis (meta analysis i.e. analysis of the review
already published)

39. Applied/ActionResearch
•Findingasolutiontoanimmediateproblem.(COVID-19)
•Researchaimedtofindsocialorpoliticaltrendsthatmay
affectaparticularinstitutionisanexampleofappliedresearch
•Subtypes
–Marketing Research
–Evaluation Research

40. Basic/Pure/FundamentalResearch
•Concernedwithgeneralizationsandwiththe formulations
of a theory.
•Naturalphenomenon andmathematicsare
examples of basic research.
•Findinginformation thathasabroadbaseof
application.

41. QuantitativeResearch
•Based on measurement of quantity or amount
•Weighing,measuringareexamplesof quantitative
research

42. QualitativeResearch
•Phenomenarelatingtoqualityorkind
•Character,personality
examplesofvariables
andmankindare used
tomeasure
qualitative research
•Wordassociationtest,sentencecompletion test

43. Conceptual/ ExperimentalResearch
•Related to some abstract idea or theory
•Todevelopnewconceptsortoreinterpret existing ones
•Attempttoestablishcauseandeffect relationship

44. Unscientific Methods of
Problem Solving
•Tenacity
–Cling to certain beliefs despite lack of evidence
–Superstitions; eg: Black cat brings bad luck
•Intuition
–Considered to be common sense / self evident; may be found
to be false
•Authority
–Reference to authority –used as a source of knowledge

45. •The Rationalistic Method
–Derive knowledge through reasoning
–Basketballplayersaretall.Hareshisabasketball player.
Therefore, Haresh is tall.
•The Empirical Method
–Describesdataorastudythatisbasedon objective
observation
–Reliesonobservationorexperience,capableof being verified by
experiment

46. OtherTypesofResearch
•BasedonTime
–Cross–SectionalResearch
–LongitudinalResearch
•BasedonEnvironment
–FieldResearch
–LaboratoryResearch
•ClinicalorDiagnosticResearch
•Casestudyorin-depthapproaches

47. •Exploratory Research
–Hypothesisdevelopment,ratherthanhypothesis testing
•Formalized Research
–Substantial structure and with specific hypothesis to be tested

48. •Historical Research
–Utilize historical sources to study events of the past
•Conclusion oriented
–Picking a problem, redesign enquiry, conceptualize
•Decision oriented
–For the need for a decision maker, researcher cannot embark upon
research his own inclination
–e.g.: Operations Research

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50. 50

51. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH VSANALYTICAL
–??????Descriptive:
–??????Fact –finding
–??????the major purpose of this type is to describe the state of affairs as it exists
at present
–??????Its also know Ex post facto research.
–??????Ex : frequency of shopping
–??????(in simple ) surveys .
–??????Analytical :
–??????On the other hand analytical researcher has to use facts or information already
available, & analyze the to make evaluation of material.

52. APPLIEDVSFUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH
??????Applied :
??????It aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing
by an entity.
??????Ex: marketing research
??????Fundamental :
??????It is also known as pure research
??????It aims at with generalization.
??????Ex : pure mathematics

53. QUANTITATIVEVS QUALITATIVE
??????Quantitative:
??????Its based on the measurement of the quantity.
??????It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in
terms of quantity.
??????Qualitative:
??????This type is applicable to phenomena that is measured in
terms ofquality
??????Ex: motivation research

54. CONCEPTUAL VSEMPIRICAL
??????Conceptual :
??????This sort of research is generally related to some abstract
idea or theory
??????Ex : philosophy theories Empirical:
Also know as “Experimental research
it relies on experience & observation alone
??????

55. RESEARCHDESIGN

56. WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN ?
•Taskofdefiningtheresearchproblemisthe
preparationoftheresearchproject,popularly
knownas the“researchdesign".
•Decisionsregardingwhat,where,when,how
much,bywhatmeansconcerninganinquiry
oraresearchstudyconstitutearesearch
design.

57. Meaningofresearchdesign
Aresearchdesignisthearrangementof
conditionsforcollectionandanalysisof
datainamannerthataimstocombine
relevancetotheresearchpurposewith
economyinprocedure.

58. Research design have following
parts.
1.Samplingdesign
2.Observationaldesign
3.Statisticaldesign
4.Operationaldesign

59. Samplingdesigns( Rice)
Which deals with the methods of selecting
items to be observed for the study.
Observational design
Which relates to the condition under which
the observation are to be create.

60. Statisticaldesign
Which concern the question of the of How
the information and data gathered are
to be analyzed?
Operational design
Which deals with techniques by
which the procedures satisfied in
sampling .

61. Features of a good research design
Aresearchdesignappropriateforaparticular





research problem, usually involves the following
features.
The way we obtaining information.
The availability and skills of the researcher and his
staff, if any.
The objective of the problem to be studied. The nature
of the problem to be studied .
The availability of time and money for the research
work.

62. Research Design -Research / Find out solution to a problem.
Descriptive Research ( Retail Investors in stock Market)
–Population
–Place (Chennai or Tn Or Pan Indian )
–People actively trading in Indian Stock market.
–Sample Design. ( Size)
–Statically Toolsuse -( Hypothesis) ug : 1 / 2
–Drinking more water and temperature
–5li 45
–3 35
–2 25
–H0 : There is no significant relationship between water consumed and the temperature.
–We will get P Value . based on Reject or Accept the hypothesis.
–Hypothesis Reject.
–
62

63. AGOODRESEARCH

64. INTRODUCTION
•A good research employs
scientific methods.
•It is systematic, logical, empirical
& replicable.

65. CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD RESEARCH

66. 1.ORDERLY&SYSTEMATIC
•A good research is orderly and is conducted
in a systematic way
•This is the single most important criterion
in a scientific research.

67. 2.BASED ON PROFESSIONAL
ISSUES
•The fundamental purpose of any research is resolve any
current issues of a profession.
•Therefore a good research must be based on the current
professional issues.
•A good research must come up with solutions to
professional concerns.

68. 3. BEGIN WITH CLEARLY DEFINED PURPOSE.
•A good research is begun with a clearly stated
purpose.
•Onlyaclearlydefinedresearchwithaclear
purposecanbeconductedinaneffective
manner.

69. 4. EMPHASIZE TO DEVELOP,
REFINE & EXPAND
PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE•Themainaimofanyresearchistodevelopthebodyof
knowledgeofaprofessionordefinetheexisting
knowledge.
•Thereforeagoodresearchisdirectedtowardsexpansion
ofprofessionalbodyofknowledge.

70. 5. DIRECTED TOWARDS OF DEVELOPMENT OR
TESTING OF THEORIES.
•Theorydevelopment&testingisasystematic
processofenquiryinanydiscipline.
•Only a good research aims and develops or
tests a theory.

71. 6.PROBLEMSOLVING
•The first and foremost importance of a good research
is finding a solution to existing
problem
•A good research is directed towards finding an
answer or pertinent solution for the
emerging professional problems.

72. 7. DEDICATED TO DEVELOP
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
•The purpose of a good research is to generate
empirical evidences, which can be used to
improve the professional practices.
•Therefore a good research strives to develop
empirical evidences.

73. 8. STRIVE TO COLLECT FIRST
HAND INFORMATION / DATA
•A good research is conducted by collection
of data directly from subjects by different
methods (Questionnaire, Interviews,
Observation)

74. 9. OBJECTIVE & LOGICAL IN
PROCESS
•A good and a successful research emphasizes on
objective & logical process.
•Research conducted through subjective means or in
a haphazard manner will never lead to satisfactory
results.

75. 10. GENERATE FINDINGS TO
REFINE & IMPROVE
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE•A research cannot be considered successful if it fails
to contribute towards professional practice.
•A good research strives to refine the elements of a
profession as perthe need of time.

76. 11. USE APPROPRIATE
METHODOLOGY•A good research is conducted following the
selection of an appropriate methodology.
•Unsuitable methodology will result in wrong
findings and contributes to a weak research.

77. 12. CONDUCTED ON A
REPRESENTATIVE
SAMPLE•Generalization of research findings is possible if the
study is conducted on a sample which has
characteristics similar to the population of the study.
•Therefore a good research is conducted on a
representative sample.

78. 13. USES APPROPRIATE
METHODS & TOOLS OF DATA
COLLECTION•Agoodresearchemploysappropriatemethods&
toolfortheconductofthestudy.
•Methods & tools of data collection varies
depending on the nature & type of research.

79. 14. USES VALID& RELIABLE
DATA COLLECTION
TOOL
•Evidences generated from a research activity can only
be considered valuable if they are generated through
valid & reliable research tools.
A good research utilizes a valid & a reliable tool to collect
data from the subjects.

80. 15.CAREFULLY RECORDED &
REPORTED
– In the absence of careful recording & reporting, evidences generated
through a research may be covert in nature.
– A good research employs itself to generate quality empirical evidences & the
evidences thus gathered are duly reported.

81. 16. ADEQUATELY ANALYSED
& RESEARCHED
•Any research activity is consideredto be poor if it
fails to adequately
analyses & researched.
•This activity is done usingstandardized &
accepted methods of data
analysis

82. 17.PATIENTLYCARRIEDOUT
•Research cannot be carried out in a hurry. It
needs a long time & patience.
•Therefore a patient endurance is the most
important foundation of a good research.

83. 18. RESEARCHER’S
EXPERTISE, INTEREST,
MOTIVATION & COURAGE
•A good research work largely needs the researcher’s
expertise, interest, motivation & courage of
researchers.
•In the absence of these attributes, accomplishment
of a good research cannot be carried out.

84. 19.ADEQUATELYCOMMUNICATED
•The new knowledge obtained from a good research
remains useless until and unless it is adequately
communicated to it’s users or stakeholders.
•Therefore a good research activity strives to communicate
findings as widely as possible.

85. Unit I-5 mark questions Bank
–A. Discuss the process of research
–B. Discuss in details the various research designs.
85

86. THANKYOU
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