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1. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2. LECTURE 3 RESEARCH MOTIVATION, RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH ETHICS

3. MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH

4. What makes people to undertake research?   Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical problems initiates research.

5. What makes people to undertake research?   Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work. Desire to be of service to society. Desire to get respectability.

6. OTHER FACTORS MAY INVOLVE directives of government, employment conditions, curiosity about new things, desire to understand causal relationships, social thinking and awakening

7. TYPES OF MOTIVATION FOR RESEARCH

8. INTRINSIC MOTIVATION “ The love of the work itself.” Intrinsic motivations include: interest; challenge; learning; meaning; purpose; creative flow. Research has shown that high levels of intrinsic motivation are strongly linked to outstanding creative performance

9. EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION “ Rewards for good work or punishments for poor work.” Extrinsic motivations include: money; fame; awards ; praise; status; opportunities; deadlines; commitments ; bribes; threats. Research shows that too much focus on extrinsic motivation can block creativity.

10. PERSONAL MOTIVATION “ Individual values, linked to personality.” Examples include: power; harmony; achievement; generosity ; public recognition; authenticity; knowledge; security ; pleasure. Each of us prioritizes some values over others; understanding your own values and those of people around you is key to motivating yourself and influencing others.

11. INTERPERSONAL MOTIVATION “Influences from other people.” Much of our behavior is a response to people around us, such as: copying; rebellion; competition; collaboration; commitment; encouragement .

12. MAINTAINING A RESEARCHER’S MOTIVATION Here are three broad strategies for maintaining the motivation of researchers: Recognize and praise: Recognizing and praising the work the researchers do, both the quality of the work and the effort they put into it, is something that is too easily forgotten, especially in busy periods.

13. MAINTAINING A RESEARCHER’S MOTIVATION Provide challenges and responsibility: People are much more likely to give their work their full attention and effort when they feel they are being challenged. Constantly repeating familiar tasks or working within a comfort zone will test the motivation of even the most conscientious researcher. Being confronted with new challenges and invited to take on further responsibilities can motivate and give a sense of achievement

14. MAINTAINING A RESEARCHER’S MOTIVATION Development : Giving the researchers the sense that they are developing their skills and moving forwards in their career can be very motivating

15. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

16. MEANING A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables under study. Research objectives focus on the ways to measure varia bles such as to identify or describe. The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study.

17. CHARACTERISTICS Research objective is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve. A well known objective will be SMART. S – Specific M – Measureable A – Attainable R – Realistic T – Time Bound

18. CHARACTERISTICS Research objective should be RELEVANT, FEASIBLE, LOGICAL, OBSERVABLE, UNEQUIVOCAL and MEASURABLE. Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved within the expected timeframe and with the available resources. The objective of research project summarizes what is to be achieved by the study. The objectives include obtaining answers to research questions or testing the research hypothesis.

19. NEED FOR OBJECTIVES The formulation of research objectives will help the researcher as follows: FOCUS: A clearly defined research objective will help the researcher to focus on the study The formulation of research objectives helps in narrowing down the study to its essentials. It will avoid unnecessary findings , which otherwise will lead to wastage of resources .

20. NEED FOR OBJECTIVES AVOID UNNECESSARY DATA: The formulation of research objectives helps the researcher to avoid unnecessary accumulation of data that is not needed for the chosen problem. For example when the researcher is interested in identifying the presence or absence of chosen variables but not in detailed description he can avoid collection of unwanted information .

21. NEED FOR OBJECTIVES ORGANIZATION: The formulation of objectives organize the study into a clearly defined parts or phrases. Thus the objectives help organize the study results into main parts as per the present objectives.

22. NEED FOR OBJECTIVES GIVES DIRECTION: A well-formulated objective will facilitate the development of research methodology and will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation and utilization of data .

23. TYPES OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES GENERAL OBJECTIVES: Broad goals to be achieved. The general objectives of the study states what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in general terms. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: Are short term and narrow in focus. General objectives are broken into small logically connected parts to form specific objectives.

24. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve insights into it. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else. To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables.

25. RESEARCH ETHICS

26. RESEARCH ETHICS Honesty : Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public .

27. RESEARCH ETHICS Objectivity: Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer-review , personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception . Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research .

28. RESEARCH ETHICS Integrity: Keep your promises and agreements. Act with sincerity. Strive for consistency of thought and action.

29. RESEARCH ETHICS Carefulness: Avoid careless errors and negligence ; Carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities , such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals .

30. RESEARCH ETHICS Openness: Share data, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.

31. RESEARCH ETHICS Respect for Intellectual Property: Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize .

32. RESEARCH ETHICS Confidentiality: Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

33. RESEARCH ETHICS Responsible Publication: Publish in order to advance research and scholarship. Not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

34. RESEARCH ETHICS Responsible Mentoring: Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

35. RESEARCH ETHICS Social Responsibility: Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

36. RESEARCH ETHICS Legality: Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.

37. RESEARCH ETHICS Animal Care: Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

38. RESEARCH ETHICS Human Subjects Protection: When conducting research on human subjects, Minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits. Respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy. Take special precautions with vulnerable populations. Strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.

39. Constructing a 95% confidence interval The 95% confidence interval for the population proportion is: