Research methodology unit-i-research ∧ its various process_notes for B.com,BBA,MBA_Madurai Kamaraj University

The Objective of this PPT is give basic introduction about Research Methodology .In This material details about Introduction of Research, Research Problem, Literature review
Research types and process, Variables & Hypothesis
Problems Encountered by Researchers in India
Other concepts will be discussed as separate units with individual PPT for each

For other units notes kindly refer the links below

Unit-II
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unit-iidata-collection
Unit-iii
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitiiisampling
Unit-IV
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitivmeasurement-and-data-preperationfor-bbabcommba-and-for-other-ug-and-pg-students
Unit-V
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitvreseach-report-for-bcom-bba-mba-and-other-ug-and-pg-courses

1. List of Topics Unit-I Introduction of Research, Research Problem, Literature review Research types and process, Variables & Hypothesis Problems Encountered by Researchers in India Research Methodology Lecture Notes BY MANOJ KUMAR.T B.Tech,MBA,NET.. Asst Professor Sri Kaliswari Institute of Management and Technology Best suited for Madurai Kamaraj University (MKU) MBA Syllabus

2. Meaning and origins of research The word research is derived from the French language; its literal meaning is 'to investigate thoroughly '. Research always starts with a question to which we seek an answer using scientific methods. We define the question as a “ Problem ”. Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English lays down the meaning of research as “a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.” Research is often described as an ‘ active, diligent, and systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting and revising facts’ . T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt Unit-I

3. Research T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

4. Research As an academic activity According to Clifford Woody research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organising and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis. Research is, thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement. It is the persuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

5. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt Definitions of research Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized effort to gain new knowledge.” According to Clifford Woody research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organising and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis. D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in the Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences define research as “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalising to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art.

6. Objectives of Research 1.To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies); 2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies ); 3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies); 4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies). T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

7. Motives of Research 1. Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits; 2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical problems initiates research; 3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work; 4. Desire to be of service to society; and 5. Desire to get respectability. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

8. Types of research 1. → Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. In social science and business research we quite often use the term Ex post facto research for descriptive research studies. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening . example, frequency of shopping, preferences of people etc. Ex post facto studies also include attempts by researchers to discover causes even when they cannot control the variables. The methods of research utilized in descriptive research are survey methods of all kinds, including comparative and correlational methods. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

9. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt 2.→ Analytical research , the researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material. 3.→   Pure or Fundamental Research – It is based on the Question ‘Why things happen?’ fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a theory. “Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research. ”Research concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research.. Thus basic research is directed towards finding information that has a broad base of applications and thus, adds to the already existing organized body of scientific knowledge. Basic research is also called pure research. Basic research is driven by a scientist’s curiosity or interest in a scientific question. Ex: How did the universe begin

10. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt 4.→   Action or Applied Research – It is based on the Question ‘How things happen?’  Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business organisation. It aims at certain conclusions (say, a solution) facing a concrete social or business problem is an example of applied research. Research to identify social, economic or political trends that may affect a particular institution or the copy research (research to find out whether certain communications will be read and understood) or the marketing research or evaluation research are examples of applied research. Thus the central aim of applied research is to discover a solution for some pressing practical problem

11. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt 5. → Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity . In the era of big data, quantitative methods used by operations analysts and economists provide solid evidence to guide management decisions on production, distribution, marketing and personnel management. These methods also help managers project future business conditions, enabling them to adjust their strategies as needed. This is research based on larger samples and is, therefore, more statistically valid. Quantitative research is concerned with data and addresses question such as "how many?", "how often", "who?", "when?" and "where?" The results of quantitative research will generally be numerical form – for example: 35% of customers rate the new product as "attractive“ 3 out of 5 customers will buy a new food product after being offered a free in-store sample

12. 6. → Qualitative research , is concerned with qualitative phenomenon , i.e., phenomena relating to quality or kind . For instance ‘Motivation Research’, an important type of qualitative research that studies why a person shows a behaviour uses depth interviews, word association tests, sentence completion tests, story completion tests and similar other projective techniques. ‘Attitude or opinion research’ designed to find out how people feel or what they think about a particular subject or institution is also qualitative research. Qualitative research is specially important in the behavioural sciences where the aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behaviour. Through such research we can analyse the various factors which motivate people to behave in a particular manner or which make people like or dislike a particular thing. In practice to apply qualitative research is relatively a difficult job and therefore, while doing such research, one should seek guidance from experimental psychologists. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

13. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt 7. → Conceptual research is that related to some abstract ideas or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. Nowadays, conceptual research is used to answer business questions and solve real-world problems. Researchers use analytical tools called conceptual frameworks to make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas required for research purposes. Conceptual research focuses on the concept or theory that explains or describes the phenomenon being studied. Ex : What causes disease? How can we describe the motions of the planets? 8. → Empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment. We can also call it as experimental research . Such research, begins with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable results .

14. Some Other Types of Research One-time research - research is confined to a single time-period. Longitudinal research- research is carried on over several time-periods using a panel of experts. Field-setting research – carried out in the real field Laboratory research – carried out in labs Simulation research- carried out in simulated environments Clinical or diagnostic research - follow case-study methods or in depth approaches to reach the basic causal relations. Such studies usually go deep into the causes of things or events that interest us, using very small samples and very deep probing data gathering devices. Exploratory research is non formalised and is development of hypotheses rather than their testing. 8. Historical research utilizes historical sources like documents, dairies, autobiographies, remains, etc. to study events or ideas of the past, including the philosophy of persons and groups at any remote point of time . T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

15. Code to remember Types of Research 1) DAPA-QCE 2) OLFL-SCEH T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

16. Research Process: Research process consists of a series of steps or actions required for effectively conducting research. The following are the steps that provide useful procedural guidelines regarding the conduct of research: (1) Formulating the research problem; (2) Extensive literature survey; (3) Writing a Primary Synopsis (4)Identifying and Labeling Variables: (5) Developing hypothesis; (6) Preparing the research design T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

17. Research Process: 6) Preparing the research design; (7) Determining sample design; (8) Collecting data; (9) Execution of the project; (10) Hypothesis testing; (11) Processing, Analysis and Interpretation of Data by Statistical Methods (12) Preparation of the report or presentation of the results. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

18. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

19. Research design A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure Research design is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted Blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.. an outline of what the researcher will do from writing the hypothesis and its operational implications to the final analysis of data. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

20. Research design Research design into the following parts: the sampling design which deals with the method of selecting items to be observed for the given study; the observational design which relates to the conditions under which the observations are to be made; the statistical design which concerns with the question of how many items are to be observed and how the information and data gathered are to be analysed ; and the operational design which deals with the techniques by which the procedures specified in the sampling, statistical and observational designs can be carried out T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

21. Research Design Different kinds of research designs (1)Exploratory research design (2) Descriptive research design (3) Experimental research design T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

22. Research Problem-Nature Problem means a question or an issue to be examined. A research problem refers to some kind of problem which a researcher experiences or observes in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation A problem usually arises at the following condition There must be an organization, a group of people or an individual experiencing some difficulties due to one reason or other 2) There must be some objectives, personnel or organizational, to be attained If one does not desire anything, there cannot be any problem 3) There must be at least two ways to attaining the objective If there is only one way, there is no confusion and hence no problem. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

23. Research Problem-Nature 5) There must be aa environment which influences either the researcher or his/her ways 6)There must be some outcomes ( results/findings) which may have positive values T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

24. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION & SELECTION T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

25. problem IDENTIFICATION T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

26. Criteria for a selecting a problem The problem must be related to a profession The solution to be obtained should bring in some improvement in the existing status It must be feasible to find a solution to a problem before the time schedule It must suite the attitude, aptitude and competency of the researcher It must me practical The problem must posses creativity, novelty, originality and the utility value. The Research problem must be specific, meaningful & avoid controversial subject. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

27. Research Problem Problem means a question or an issue to be examined. A research problem refers to some kind of problem which a researcher experiences or observes in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation Steps for Defining and Formulating a Research Problem Stating the problem in a general way Understanding the nature of the problem Surveying the available literature Developing the ideas through discussions 5) Rephrasing the research problem T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

28. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Sources of Review of Literature Books Journels Magazines Other Sources- Reports of comittes /commissions or annual reports Proceedings of conferences, symposia, seminars and workshop Internet ; Ex Research Gate, Google Scholar etc T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

29. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Procedures Followed in Literature Review Identify the source of information Decide the period of review Procure cards of convenient size Note down the relevant information T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

30. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5) The summary and abstract may be confined to two sides of card 6) Arrange the cards in chronological order under different heads depending upon the rsearch problem 7) Refer the card when the report is written 8) Cross check the details after the completion of report writing. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

31. CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN Before describing the different research designs, it will be appropriate to explain the various concepts relating to designs so that these may be better and easily understood. Variable: A concept which can take on different quantitative values is called a variable. As such the concepts like weight, height, income are all examples of variables. Qualitative phenomena (or the attributes ) are also quantified on the basis of the presence or absence of the concerning attribute(s). Phenomena which can take on quantitatively different values even in decimal points are called ‘continuous variables ’. But all variables are not continuous. If they can only be expressed in integer values, they are non-continuous variables or in statistical language ‘discrete variables ’. Age is an example of continuous variable, but the number of children is an example of non-continuous variable. 2. Dependent and independent variables: If one variable depends upon or is a consequence of the other variable, it is termed as a dependent variable , and the variable that is antecedent to the dependent variable is termed as an independent variable . For instance, if we say that height depends upon age, then height is a dependent variable and age is an independent variable. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

32. CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN 3. Extraneous variable: Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent variable are termed as extraneous variables . Suppose the researcher wants to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between children’s gains in social studies achievement and their self-concepts. In this case self-concept is an independent variable and social studies achievement is a dependent variable. Intelligence may as well affect the social studies achievement, but since it is not related to the purpose of the study undertaken by the researcher, it will be termed as an extraneous variable. Whatever effect is noticed on dependent variable as a result of extraneous variable(s) is technically described as an ‘experimental error’ . A study must always be so designed that the effect upon the dependent variable is attributed entirely to the independent variable(s), and not to some extraneous variable or variables. 4. Control: One important characteristic of a good research design is to minimise the influence or effect of extraneous variable(s). The technical term ‘control’ is used when we design the study minimising the effects of extraneous independent variables. In experimental researches, the term ‘control’ is used to refer to restrain experimental conditions. 5. Confounded relationship: When the dependent variable is not free from the influence of extraneous variable(s), the relationship between the dependent and independent variables is said to be confounded by an extraneous variable(s). T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

33. HYPOTHESIS Lundberg defines hypothesis as, “a tentative generalization, the validity of which remains to be tested A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis is specific, testable predictions about what is expect to happen in the study. Research hypothesis is quite often a predictive statement, which is capable of being tested using scientific methods that involve an independent and some dependent variables Example ( i ) “Students who take tuitions perform better than the others who do not receive tuitions” or, (ii) “The female students perform as well as the male students”. These two statements are hypotheses that can be objectively verified and tested. Thus, they indicate that a hypothesis states what one is looking for. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

34. HYPOTHESIS T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

35. Concepts in hypotheses 1) Null Hypothesis And Alternative Hypothesis: In the context of statistical analysis, hypotheses are of two types viz., null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. When two methods A and B are compared on their relative superiority, and it is assumed that both the methods are equally good, then such a statement is called as the null hypothesis On the other hand, if method A is considered relatively superior to method B, or vice-versa, then such a statement is known as an alternative hypothesis . The null hypothesis is expressed as H0, while the alternative hypothesis is expressed as Ha. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

36. Concepts in hypotheses 2) The Level Of Significance: In the context of hypothesis testing, the level of significance is a very important concept. It is a certain percentage that should be chosen with great care, reason and insight. If for instance, the significance level is taken at 5 per cent, then it means that H0 would be rejected when the sampling result has a less than 0.05 probability of occurrence when H0 is true. In other words, the five per cent level of significance implies that the researcher is willing to take a risk of five per cent of rejecting the null hypothesis, when (H0) is actually true. In sum, the significance level reflects the maximum value of the probability of rejecting H0 when it is actually true, and which is usually determined prior to testing the hypothesis. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

37. Concepts in hypotheses 5) One-Tailed And Two-Tailed Tests: These two types of tests are very important in the context of hypothesis testing. A two-tailed test rejects the null hypothesis, when the sample mean is significantly greater or lower than the hypothesized value of the mean of the population. Such a test is suitable when the null hypothesis is some specified value; the alternative hypothesis is a value that is not equal to the specified value of the null hypothesis. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

38. Concepts in hypotheses

39. Concepts in hypotheses

40. Concepts in hypotheses

41. Concepts in hypotheses

42. Concepts in hypotheses

43. Concepts in hypotheses

44. Concepts in hypotheses 4) Type I And Type II Errors: As regards the testing of hypotheses, a researcher can make basically two types of errors. He/she may reject H0 when it is true, or accept H0 when it is not true. The former is called as Type I error and the latter is known as Type II error. In other words, Type I error implies the rejection of a hypothesis when it must have been accepted, while Type II error implies the acceptance of a hypothesis which must have been rejected. Type I error is denoted by α (alpha) and is known as α error, while Type II error is usually denoted by β (beta) and is known as β error. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

45. Hypothesis PROCEDURE OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING Making a Formal Statement: Selecting A Significance Level Deciding The Distribution To Use Selection of A Random Sample And Computing An Appropriate Value Calculation Of the Probability Comparing The Probability T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

46. Types of Hypothesis Descriptive Hypothesis – Describing the characteristics of a variable (may be an object, person, organisation , event, and situation) • Eg . Employment opportunity of commerce graduates is more than the arts students.   Relational Hypothesis – Establishes relationship between two variables. It may be positive, negative or nil relationship. • Eg . High income leads to high savings   Causal Hypothesis – The change in one variable leads to change in another variable i.e. Dependent and independent variables, one variable is a cause and the other one is the effect   Statistical Hypothesis – association or difference between two variables are hypothesized   Null Hypothesis – it points out there is no difference between two populations in respect of same property.   Alternative Hypothesis- when we reject the null hypothesis, we accept another hypothesis known as alternate hypothesis. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

47. Qualities of a good research 1. Good research is systematic: It means that research is structured with specified steps to be taken in a specified sequence in accordance with the well defined set of rules. Systematic characteristic of the research does not rule out creative thinking but it certainly does reject the use of guessing and intuition in arriving at conclusions. 2. Good research is logical: This implies that research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and the logical process of induction and deduction are of great value in carrying out research. Induction is the process of reasoning from a part to the whole whereas deduction is the process of reasoning from some premise to a conclusion which follows from that very premise. In fact, logical reasoning makes research more meaningful in the context of decision making. 3. Good research is empirical: It implies that research is related basically to one or more aspects of a real situation and deals with concrete data that provides a basis for external validity to research results. 4. Good research is replicable: This characteristic allows research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby building a sound basis for decisions.

48. Problems Encountered by Researchers in India 1. The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research is a great impediment for researchers in our country. There is paucity of competent researchers. Many researchers take a leap in the dark without knowing research methods. Most of the work, which goes in the name of research is not methodologically sound. Research to many researchers and even to their guides, is mostly a scissor and paste job without any insight shed on the collated materials. 2. There is insufficient interaction between the university research departments on one side and business establishments, government departments and research institutions on the other side. A great deal of primary data of non-confidential nature remain untouched/untreated by the researchers for want of proper contacts. 3. Most of the business units in our country do not have the confidence that the material supplied by them to researchers will not be misused and as such they are often reluctant in supplying the needed information to researchers. 4. Research studies overlapping one another are undertaken quite often for want of adequate information. This results in duplication and fritters away resources. This problem can be solved by proper compilation and revision, at regular intervals, of a list of subjects on which and the places where the research is going on. 5. There does not exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-university and interdepartmental rivalries are also quite common. Hence, there is need for developing a code of conduct for researchers which, if adhered sincerely, can win over this problem. T.Manoj kumar Research Methodology asst Professor Skimt

49. 6. Many researchers in our country also face the difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial assistance, including computerial assistance. This causes unnecessary delays in the completion of research studies. All possible efforts be made in this direction so that efficient secretarial assistance is made available to researchers and that too well in time. University Grants Commission must play a dynamic role in solving this difficulty. 7. Library management and functioning is not satisfactory at many places and much of the time and energy of researchers are spent in tracing out the books, journals, reports, etc., rather than in tracing out relevant material from them. 8. There is also the problem that many of our libraries are not able to get copies of old and new Acts/Rules, reports and other government publications in time. This problem is felt more in libraries which are away in places from Delhi and/or the state capitals. Thus, efforts should be made for the regular and speedy supply of all governmental publications to reach our libraries. 9. There is also the difficulty of timely availability of published data from various government and other agencies doing this job in our country. Researcher also faces the problem on account of the fact that the published data vary quite significantly because of differences in coverage by the concerning agencies. 10. There may, at times, take place the problem of conceptualization and also problems relating to the process of data collection and related things.