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1. Kifayatullah Kakar (Ph.D.) 1402 Research methodology/ Statistical methods for research

2. Curriculum Vitae 2 Personal information Name Kifayatullah Kakar Mobile [phone] Email [email protected] Educational background 2007 – 2011 Bachelor of Science (BSc in Agriculture, Agronomy) from Nangarhar University, Afghanistan 2013 - 2016 Master of Science (MSc in Agriculture) from Ibaraki University, Japan 2018 - 2021 Doctor of Science (PhD in Agriculture) from Hiroshima University, Japan Work experience 2012-present Lecturer at Faculty of Agriculture, Nangarhar University

3. Syllabus 5 Chapter 1. Principles and introduction Chapter 2. Proposal writing Chapter 3. Descriptive statistics Chapter 4. Probabilities Chapter 5. Stages of research Chapter 6. Experimental designs Chapter 7. Data collection and process Chapter 8. Experimental tests (T-test, ANOVA….) Chapter 9. Data transformation and demonstration Chapter 10. Regression and correlation Chapter 11. Report writing Chapter 12. Research ethics and concerns

4. Chapter 1. Definition Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic. It is a search for knowledge, that is, a discovery of hidden truths. Here knowledge means information about matters. The information might be collected from different sources like experience, human beings, books, journals, nature, etc. Research methodology is a systematic way to solve a problem. It is a science of studying how research is to be carried out.

5. Cont. A research can lead to new contributions to the existing knowledge. Only through research is it possible to make progress in a field. There are vast areas of research in other disciplines such as languages, literature, history and sociology. Research is done with the help of study, experiment, observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning.

6. Objectives of Research To discover new facts To verify and test important facts To analyze an event, process or phenomenon with cause and effect relationship To develop new scientific tools, concepts and theories To solve and understand scientific, nonscientific and social problems

7. Type of Research Fundamental or basic research: basic research is an investigation on basic principles and reasons for occurrence of a particular event or process or phenomenon. It is also called theoretical research. Examples: A study looking at how alcohol consumption impacts the brain. A study to discover the components making up human DNA.

8. Type of Research Applied research, most of the experimental research, case studies and inter-disciplinary research are essentially applied research. Applied research is helpful for basic research. A research, the outcome of which has immediately applicable is also termed as applied research. Ex amples: A study trying to decrease fraud on social media platforms. A study searching for ways to encourage high school graduates to attend college.

9. Type of Research Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. Here a process is expressed or described in terms of one or more quantities. Examples: The effects of urea on plant height Weight in pounds Length in inches Distance in miles Number of days in a year

10. Type of Research Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon involving quality not quantity. Examples: Long-term planning methods for better project management. How to deal with issues during a project implementation program. Why time management is essential for goal setting.

11. Type of Research Descriptive research is a research method describing the characteristics of the population or phenomenon studied. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions. Examples: Population of a country Employment status in an organization Consumer preferences regarding a product

12. Type of Research Analytical research is the process of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting information to make inferences and reach conclusions. Depending on the purpose of the research and the data you have access to, you can conduct analytical research using a variety of methods. Examples:  It can look into why the value of the Japanese Yen has decreased. Empirical research is a process which conducted through experiments and observations. Examples: Pharmaceutical companies use empirical research to try out a specific drug on controlled groups or random groups to study the effect and cause.

13. Various stages of a research 1. Selection of a research topic 2. Definition of a research problem 3. Literature review and reference collection 4. Assessment of current status of the topic chosen 5. Formulation of hypotheses 6. Research design 7. Actual investigation 8. Data collection and analysis 9. Interpretation of results 10. Report

14. Expressions Experiment: Systematic investigation to establish a fact. Design: Set of arrangement to compare variables. Treatment: Factors which researcher want to evaluate the affects. E.g. urea dose, varieties, soil types, cuttings, animals feed, animal age etc . Plot: Small piece of unit which researcher uses in his experiment. Field: Collection of plots. Population: Group of people or things, at least have one share characters. Sample: Part of population that can represent the whole population.

15. Techniques to implement a good experiments Choosing a good experimental site Slope: creates soil fertility problems. Areas used for experiments in previous cropping. Presence of large trees, poles, and structures. Unproductive site: Unfertile soil should be avoided . Plot size and shape: When the soil is suspected to be highly variable, small plot size with increased number of replications will minimize the experimental error.

16. Techniques to implement a good experiments Common mistakes in proper planning and lay-out Failure to study the cropping history: the previous experiment might be fertilizer, which provide great variation the present research. Improper land preparation. Failure to consider the effect of surrounding experiment .

17. Techniques to implement a good experiments Cultural management mistakes while conducting an experiment Improper application of fertilizer: the proper amount of fertilizer should be considered. Uneven application of water: it’s the same of fertilizer. Uneven spraying of pesticide Unfinished cultural operation in a block Failure to examine properly water source

18. Techniques to implement a good experiments Mistakes during data gathering Improper harvesting: When harvesting, it is a normal rule to finish harvesting of a block before going to the next block . Improper instrument used in data gathering: This include wrong balance (too big or too small capacity) Delayed gathering of data: like harvesting… Inadequate or improper sampling: Tendency to select the best plant for sampling: Entering data on a loose paper

19. Chapter 2. Proposal writing

20. د محصلینو د څیړنې غوښتنلیک عنوان اهداف تیرو لیکنو ته کتنه د څیړنې پلان، مواد او کړنلاره متوقع پایلې ماخذونه

21. Experimental designs The overall plan or strategy that guide a research project from its conception to the final analysis of data. Qualitative researches (questionnaire, interview and observation) Phenomenological research design ( د پدیدو د څیړلو لپاره استعمالیږي لکه عادت، احساسات او نور ) Grounded theory design ( د تیوري د رامنځته کولو لپاره استعمالیږي. ) Ethnographic research design ( د کلتوري څیړنو لپاره استعمالیږي. لکه ارزښتونه، مذهب او نور ) Case study design (د یو موضوع په هکله په جزیاتو معلومات ترلاسه کول)

22. Cont. Quantitative researches () Descriptive research design ( تشریحي خصوصیت لري لکه څه، څه وخت، چیرته، څوک ) Correlational research design ( ارتباطات او اړیکي څیړي ) Experimental research design ( تفاوتونه مقایسه کوي ) Quasi-experimental design (موجوده او ترسره شوي میتودونه څیړي. لکه تدریسي میتودونه او د نمراتو ترلاسه کول، تصادفات پکې صورت نه نیسي)

23. Cont. Completely randomized design (CRD) Randomized complete block design (RCBD) Latin square (LS) Split plot design Factorial experiment

24. CRD مکمل ناڅاپې يا تصادفې ډيزاين (CRD) هغه ډيزاين دی چې تريتمنټ په بشپړ ناڅاپې توګه په يو Unit کې ځای پر ځای کيږي؛ نو هر يو يونت مساوي چانس د تريتمنټ د ترلاسه کولو له پاره لري. CRD په هغو ساحو کې د استعمال وړ دی چې ټول محيطې شرايط يو شان وي، لکه: شنه خونه، لابراتوار او په ‎آزاده هغو ساحو کې چې په پشپړه توګه متجانس محيطې شرايط موجود وي.

25. T3R6 T5R3 T6R5 T5R2 T4R4 T2R4 T4R1 T5R4 T2R3 T5R6 T3R3 T1R5 T1R2 T6R3 T4R2 T1R3 T1R4 T6R1 T1R1 T3R5 T2R5 T4R3 T2R6 T5R1 T5R5 T6R6 T6R4 T6R2 T4R5 T3R2 T2R2 T3R4 T1R6 T4R6 T2R1 T3R1 CRD Randomization

26. RCBD هغه تجارب چې په ازاده ساحې کې ترسره کيږي د RCBD څخه استفاده کيږي ځکه چې په آزاده ساحه کې شرايط کنټرول نه وي. په آزاده ساحه کې ممکن شرايط د خاورې حاصلخيزي، خاورې ډول، سلوپ، د باد د حرکت مسير، د اوبو د حرکت مسير، د امراضو او افاتو موجوديت يا عدم موجوديت او داسې نورو... له امله کنټرول نشي.

27. Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Block 6

28. Randomization in RCBD Trt 2 Trt 5 Trt 3 Trt 6 Trt 2 Trt 1 Trt 1 Trt 4 Trt 1 Trt 3 Trt 4 Trt 3 Trt 4 Trt 1 Trt 4 Trt 1 Trt 6 Trt 4 Trt 3 Trt 2 Trt 5 Trt 2 Trt 1 Trt 2 Trt 6 Trt 3 Trt 6 Trt 5 Trt 3 Trt 6 Trt 5 Trt 6 Trt 2 Trt 4 Trt 5 Trt 5

29. Latin square (LS) دا ډيزاين په هغو ساحو کې ښه نتيجه ورکوي کوم چې د خاورې حاصلخيزي دوطرفه (Bidirectional) وي. په داسې حالاتو کې چې ساحه د دوو فکتورونو تر تاثير لاندې وي نو د RCBD څخه استفاده نه کيږي ځکه چې بلاکونه يواځې د يوه فکتور تاثير دفع کوي او د بل فکتور تاثيرات په تريتمنټونو باندې مستقيما وجود لري. په داسې ساحو کې Latin Square ډيزاين استعمال ډير مناسب دی ځکه چې په دي ډيزاين کې بلاکونه دو طرفه جوړيږي چې د يو يې د Row Blocking او دوهم يې د Column Blocking څخه عبارت دی او په هر Row او Column کې يو تريتمنټ يواځې يو ځل واقع کيږي نو په دي اساس د دوو فکتورونو په مقابل کې Latin Square ډيزاين د RCBD په نسبت ډير قوی دی. Latin Square ډيزاين د هغه تجاربو لپاره سپارښتنه کيږي چې د تريتمنټونو او تکرارونو شمير يې سره ورته وي؛ د دغې محدويت له امله د دي ډيزاين استعمال په کرنيزو تجاربو کې محدود دی.

30. LS randomization F E D C B A A F E D C B B A F E D C C B A F E D D C B A F E E D C B A F

31. Split plot design د څو فکتوره څیړنو لپاره استعمالیږي. عمومي فکتور (یوریا او حیوانې سره) فرعي فکتور (څلور ورایټی) تکرارونه (څلور)

32. Split plot layout M1 (urea) C1 C2 C3 C4 M2 (animal) C1 C2 C3 C4 M1 (urea) C1 C2 C3 C4 M2 (animal) C1 C2 C3 C4 M1 (urea) C1 C2 C3 C4 M2 (animal) C1 C2 C3 C4 M1 (urea) C1 C2 C3 C4 M2 (animal) C1 C2 C3 C4

33. Population Sample Data collection

34. Simple random sample (SRS) Stratified sample Selected sample

35. Data collection Treatments Replication Samples Plant length (cm) Leaf No Yield (kg) T1 1 1 92 14 2.5 2 85 13 3 95 12 4 90 15 5 91 13 T1 2 1 3 2 3 4 5 T1 3 1 2 3 4 5 T1 4 1 2 3 4 5

36. Experimental tests An experiment usually tests a hypothesis, which is an expectation about how a particular process or phenomenon works. Variables Independent variable Dependent variable

37. Experimental tests The z-test and t-test are used to compare the means of two groups and determine if they are significantly different. Generally, z-tests are used when we have large sample sizes (n > 30), whereas t-tests are most helpful with a smaller sample size (n < 30). The F-test is used to compare variances of two or more groups and assess if they are significantly different. ANOVA: ANOVA (analysis of variance) is used to compare the means of more than two groups to determine if there is a significant difference between them.

38. Hypothesis tests T-test

39. T test formula

40. T test T value = 12.9/0.588039 T value = 21.937 Df = 38 Critical value = 2.021 P = 0.05 (5 %) P = 0.01 (1 %) P = 0.001 (0.1 %) Means 35.7 22.8 STD 1.866604 1.852452144 Variance 3.484211 3.431578947 n 20 20

41. T - table

42. Result T value < t critical 5 % = not significant (ns) T value > t critical 5% but < Ft 1% = significantly difference ( *) T value > t critical 1% = highly significantly difference (**)

43. One-way ANOVA هغه وخت ترسره کیږي چې درې یا له هغې زیات ګروپونه وي.

44. Source df SS MS Fc Ft 1% Ft 5% Treatment Error TOTAL Analysis of variance table ( ANOVA )

45. Measurment of ANOVA table values

46. Source df SS MS Fc Ft 1% Ft 5% Treatment 3 4115 1371.6 243.84 ** 5.29 3.24 Error 16 90 5.625 TOTAL 19 4205 Analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) table

47. Result Fc < Ft 5% = not significant (ns) Fc > Ft 5% but < Ft 1% = significantly difference ( *) Fc > Ft 1% = highly significantly difference (**)

48. Academic writing General report writing Thesis writing Academic article writing

49. Academic article writing Title page (title, authors, affiliation, email). Abstract (importance and problem, aims, methods and materials, results, contribution and recommendation). Introduction (importance, literature review, research gaps and objectives). Methods and materials (research location, period, design, protocols, methods and all reagents and materials). Results (important findings with tables, figures or graphs).

50. Academic article writing Discussion (relation and justification of this research with published articles). Conclusion (final achievement of the research, scientific contribution and recommendation). Optional sections (authors contribution, funding, conflict of interest, acknowledgement). References (APA or other styles).