Research objective,variable hypothesis .

Research Objectives

1. Research objective By Ms. Sutapa Paul Asst. Professor TCN

2. Research objective It is the specific accomplishments of the researcher hopes to achieve by conducting the study. The objectives include answering research questions or testing research hypothesis but may also encompass some broader aims eg , developing recommendations for changes to nursing practice based on the study results.

3. A QUASI EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SELF INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE ON KNOWLEDGE OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE AMONG AUTORICKSHAW DRIVERS, BANGALORE

4. Objectives of the study 1. Assess the knowledge of Auto rickshaw drivers regarding substance abuse in terms of pre test among experimental and control group. 2. Assess the effectiveness of SIM on knowledge of substance abuse among the Auto rickshaw drivers with the post test scores among the experimental and control group. 3. To determine the association between knowledge score of experimental and control group with demographic Variables.    

5. A study to assess the effectiveness of music therapy on communication skill of autistic children in selected autistic center, Bangalore

6. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1. To assess the communication skill of autistic children among the experimental and control group in terms of pretest scores. 2. To assess the effectiveness of music therapy on communication skill of autistic children with pretest and posttest scores among experimental and control group. 3. To determine the association between communication skill and demographic variables among the autistic children.

7. Variables Concepts are usually called variable s. If not varies it use to be constant. A term frequently used in connection with variables is Heterogeneity. When an attribute is extremely varied in the group under investigation, the group is said to be heterogeneous with respect to that variable. If the amount of variability is limited , the group is described as relatively homogenous.

8. Types of variable Continuous variable : height, weight, etc. Discrete variable : no of children, etc. Categorical variable : ( with non quantitative value) blood group, area of residence, etc. Dichotomous variable : gender, etc.

9. Types of variable 5. Dependent variable : the extent of lung cancer, perception of pain, etc. 6. Independent variable : effect of smoking, effect of different nursing care, etc. 7. Outcome variable : the variable capturing the outcome of interest in lieu of Dependent variable 8. Attribute variable: age, blood type, weight, etc.

10. Research Hypothesis A hypothesis is a prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.

11. Characteristics of testable hypothesis testable hypothesis state expected relationships between the independent variable ( the presumed cause or antecedent) & the dependent variable ( the presumed effect or outcome) within a population.

12. Derivation of Hypothesis Inductive Hypothesis : a nurse might be notice that ‘pre surgical patients who ask a lot of questions relating to pain or who express many pain related apprehensions have a more difficult time in learning appropriate postoperative procedures’. The nurse could then formulate a testable hypothesis, such as , patient who are stressed by fear of pain will have more difficult in deep breathing & coughing after their surgery than patients who are not stressed. Qualitative study are source of this type of hypothesis.

13. Deductive hypothesis : have as a starting point theories that are applied to particular situations. Eg . All human beings have red & white blood cells. Mr. X is a human being. Therefore, Mr. X has red & white blood cells.

14. Simple hypothesis As a hypothesis that expresses an expected relationship between one independent & one dependent variable.eg. Calorie intake(x) can make difference in weight increase(y).

15. Complex hypothesis Is a prediction of a relationship between two or more independent variables and /or two (or more) dependent variables.

16. 2 independent(x1, x2), 1 dependent(y): taller people & the people with higher caloric intake weight more than shorter people & those with lower calorie intake. 1 independent (x), 2 dependent (y1,y2): cigarette smoking can lead to both lung cancer & coronary disorders. 2 or more independent(x1,x2), 2 or more dependent (y1,y2): smoking & consumption of alcohol during pregnancy might lead to lower birth weights & lower Apgar scores in infants.

17. Hypotheses can be stated in a number of ways, as in the following eg . Older patients are more at risk for experiencing a fall than younger patients. There is a relationship between the age of a patient & the risk for falling. The older the patient , the greater the risk that she or he will fall.

18. 4. Older patients differ from younger ones with respect to their risk for falling. 5. Younger patients tend to be less at risk for a fall than older patients. 6. The risk for falling increases with the age of the patient.

19. Experimental hypothesis If a study is a laboratory experiment then it is experimental hypothesis. Where we make a prediction about how the IV causes an effect on the DV

20. Alternative hypothesis If the design is non experimental , manipulation of IV is not possible as in a natural or quasi experiment or in some other research method, is alternative hypothesis.

21. Directional or one tailed hypothesis Is one that specifies not only the existence but also the expected direction of the relationship between variables. In the 6 versions of the hypothesis, versions 1,3,5 & 6 are directional because there is an explicit prediction that older patients are at greater risk for falling than younger ones.

22. A directional states which way you think the result are going to go. As , participant who have been deprived of sleep for 24 hrs will have more cold symptoms in the following week after exposure to a virus than participants who have not been sleep deprived.

23. Non directional or two tailed hypothesis By contrast, does not stipulate the direction of the relationship. Versions 2 & 4 in the example illustrate non directional hypothesis. These hypothesis state the prediction that a patient’s age & the risk for falling are related, they do not stipulate , however , whether the researcher thinks that older patients or younger ones are at greater risk.

24. Difference is there in 2 or more groups but does not say which will be greater or smaller . As , there will be a difference between the number of cold symptoms experienced in the following week after exposure to virus for those participants who have been sleep deprived for 24 hours compared with those who have not been sleep deprived for 24 hours.

25. Research hypothesis Also referred as substantive, declarative or scientific hypothesis, are the statements of expected relationships between variables.

26. Null hypothesis Also known as statistical hypothesis, state that there is no relationship between the independent & dependent variables. Eg . ‘Patient age is unrelated to their risk for falling’.

27. Assumption A principle that is accepted as being true based on logic or reason, without proof. 1. Positivist paradigm 2. Naturalistic paradigm

28. Philosophy of assumption Ontological about the reality of nature. Eg : study on psychological factors of obesity, here assumption can be “Obesity is something real”. Epistemological about what can be known. Eg : “To learn about obesity would be a good thing”. Axiological about what is important & valuable in research. Eg :” there are right & wrong ways to go about doing on obesity”. Methodological about what methods & procedures are allowable within the paradigm. Eg : “There are some methods of inquiry that will be workable & others that will not”.

29. Positivist paradigm Leadership style can be observed & measured. The acquisition of knowledge about leadership is an objective process, one that can be measured & objective report is reliable & useful knowledge. The score for leadership style will objectively inform what type of leadership style a teacher possesses, which is a valuable thing to understand. 4 dimension of leadership style can be followed as support, interaction facilitation, goal emphasis & work facilitation.

30. Naturalistic paradigm There might be multiple reality, socially constructed by individuals together. Knowledge gained by the understanding of participants lived social reality. Researchers Subjective value, intuition , & biases. Access to participants inner, subjective experiences by different qualitative methods as case study, grounded theory, phenomenology , etc.

31. Example Problem: Do the higher IQ the students have , the better they achieve in learning a foreign language? Assumption: There is a correlation between student IQ & their achievement in learning a foreign language. Hypothesis : The higher IQ the students have, the better they achieve in learning a foreign language.

32. Thank you