Research Paper_writing-abstract-metdhodology

Research paper writing technique

4. What is the purpose of an abstract?
–Anabstractis a concise summary of an academic text (such as a journal
article ordissertation).
–Itservestwomainpurposes:
1.Tohelppotentialreadersdeterminetherelevanceofyourpaperfortheirown
research.
2.Tocommunicateyourkeyfindingstothosewhodon’thavetimetoreadthe
wholepaper.

5. When should I write the abstract?
•Theabstractis the very last thing you write.
•You should only write it after your research is complete, so that you can
accurately summarize the entirety of yourthesisor paper.

6. Abstract
•1. Problem statement (introduction)
•2. Indication of methodology
•3. main findings
•4. Principle conclusion•4. Principle conclusion

7. Content of Abstract
•Therearefivethingsyouneedtoinclude:
1.Researchproblem
2.ResearchObjectives
3.Methods3.Methods
4.Keyresultsorarguments
5.Conclusion
•Anabstractisusuallyaround150–300words,butthere’softena
strictwordlimit,somakesuretochecktherequirementsofthe
universityorjournal.

8. 1. research problemandobjectives
•Startbyclearlydefiningthepurposeofyourresearch.
•Whatpracticalortheoreticalproblemdoestheresearchrespondto,or
whatresearchquestiondidyouaimtoanswer?whatresearchquestiondidyouaimtoanswer?

9. Research Problem

10. 2. Researchobjectives
•Afteridentifyingtheproblem,statetheobjectiveofyourresearch.
•Useverbslikepropose,investigate,test,analyzeorevaluatetodescribeexactly
whatyousetouttodo.
•Thispartoftheabstractcanbewritteninthepresentorpastsimpletense,but
shouldneverrefertothefuture,astheresearchisalreadycomplete.

11. Research Objectives

12. 3. Methods
•Next,indicatetheresearchmethodsthatyouusedtoansweryour
question.
•Thispartshouldbeastraightforwarddescriptionofwhatyoudidintwoor
three(evenfour)sentences.
•Don’tevaluatevalidityorobstacleshere—thegoalisnottogiveanaccount•Don’tevaluatevalidityorobstacleshere—thegoalisnottogiveanaccount
ofthemethodology’sstrengthsandweaknesses,buttogivethereadera
quickinsightintotheoverallapproachandproceduresyouused.

13. Methods

14. 4. Results
•Next, summarize the mainresearchresults.
•Depending on how long and complex your research is,
you may not be able to include all results here.
•Try to highlight only the most important findings that •Try to highlight only the most important findings that
will allow the reader to understand your conclusions.

15. Results

16. 5. Conclusion
•Finally,statethemainconclusionsofyourresearch:
•whatisyouranswertotheproblemorquestion?
•Thereadershouldfinishwithaclearunderstandingofthecentralpoint
thatyourresearchhasprovedorargued.
•Ifthereareimportantlimitationstoyourresearch(forexample,relatedto
yoursamplesizeormethods),youshouldmentionthembrieflyinthe
abstract.Thisallowsthereadertoaccuratelyassessthecredibilityand
generalizabilityofyourresearch.

17. Conclusions

18. Another example for abstract

19. Research problem

20. Research objective

21. Methods

22. Conclusion

23. results

24. Abstract Should Not Contain:
•Lengthybackgroundinformation(readersperuseyourabstracttolearn
aboutyourcurrentwork,notthepreviousworkofotherresearchers)
•Citations
•Detailsaboutroutinelaboratoryprocedures
•Detailsaboutthestatisticalmethodsorsoftwareused(unlessthisisthe•Detailsaboutthestatisticalmethodsorsoftwareused(unlessthisisthe
focusofyourstudy)
•Resultsorinterpretationsthatarenotdiscussedinthetext

26. INTRODUCTION
•Think of the introduction as a mental road map that
must answer for the reader these four questions:
•What was I studying?
•Why was this topic important to investigate?•Why was this topic important to investigate?
•What did we know about this topic before I did this
study?
•How will this study advance new knowledge or new
ways of understanding?

27. How to write a research paper introduction
•The introduction to aresearch paperis where you set up
your topic and approach for the reader.
•It has several key goals:
1.Present your topic and get the reader interested1.Present your topic and get the reader interested
2.Provide background or summarize existing research
3.Position your own approach
4.Detail your specificresearch problem
5.Give an overview of the paper’s structure

29. Present your topic
Provide background or summarize existing research

30. overview of the paper’s structure
Position your own approach
overview of the paper’s structure
Detail your specificresearch problem
Position your own approach

34. How to write a methodology
•1.Restateyourthesisorresearchproblem
•2.Explaintheapproachyouchose
•3.Explainanyuncommonmethodologyyouuse
•4.Describehowyoucollectedthedatayouused
•5.Explainthemethodsyouusedtoanalyzethedatayoucollected
•6.Evaluateandjustifythemethodologicalchoicesyoumade
•7.Discussanyobstaclesandtheirsolutions•7.Discussanyobstaclesandtheirsolutions

35. How to write a methodology
•1.Restateyourthesisorresearchproblem
•Thefirstpartofyourmethodologyisarestatementoftheproblemyourresearch
investigates.Thisallowsyourreadertofollowyourmethodologystepbystep,from
beginningtoend.Restatingyourthesisalsoprovidesyouanopportunitytoaddressany
assumptionsyoumadeinyourresearchandtolistanyvariablesorconditionsyoutested
inyourresearch.
•2.Explaintheapproachyouchose
•Afterrestatingyourresearchproblem,explainthetypeofresearchyouused.Describe•Afterrestatingyourresearchproblem,explainthetypeofresearchyouused.Describe
yourreasoningforchoosingeitherqualitativeorquantitativeresearchorforusinga
blendedapproachoranyalternativemethodyourspecificfieldrecognizes.
•3.Explainanyuncommonmethodologyyouuse
•Ifanyofyourprocessisoutsideoftherealmofusualpracticesinyourfield,clarifyyour
choice.Forexample,youmayhavecreatedauniqueapproachspecifictoyourthesistopic
oryoumayhaveadaptedaprocessusuallyusedinanotherlineofresearch.Sinceyour
methodologyprovidesevidencethatyourfindingsarevalid,astrongstatementofwhy
youusealternativemethodsinyourresearchanswerspotentialcriticismofanyunusual
methods.

36. How to write a methodology
•4.Describehowyoucollectedthedatayouused
•Reportwhetheryouusedquantitativeorqualitativedatainyourresearch.Describeanyexperiments
youconducted,includinghowyoudesignedtheexperiment,howyoumeasuredanyvariablesand
whattoolsyouneededtoconducttheexperiment.Explainhowyousourcedexistingdata—
includinghowthatdatawasoriginallygathered—andlistthecriteriayouusedtochooseexisting
datafromothersources.
•5.Explainthemethodsyouusedtoanalyzethedatayoucollected
•Thenextpartofyourmethodologytellsyourreaderhowyouprocessedandanalyzedthedatayou
collectedbutdoesn'tdiscussanyresultsorconclusions.Ifyourresearchwasstrictlyquantitative,list
thestepsyoutooktoensurethedatawasaccurate,anysoftwareyouusedtoanalyzethenumbersthestepsyoutooktoensurethedatawasaccurate,anysoftwareyouusedtoanalyzethenumbers
andanystatisticaltestingyouused.Ifyouusedpurelyqualitativeresearch,youranalysismaybe
content-based,theme-basedordiscourse-based.
•6.Evaluateandjustifythemethodologicalchoicesyoumade
•Describethecriteriayouusedinchoosingyourapproachtoyourresearch.Listanypotential
weaknessesinyourmethodologyandpresentevidencesupportingyourchoice.Includeabrief
evaluationofothermethodologyyoumighthavechosen.
•7.Discussanyobstaclesandtheirsolutions
•Outlineanyobstaclesyouencounteredinyourresearchandlisthowyouovercamethem.The
problem-solvingskillsyoupresentinthissectionstrengthenthevalidityofyourresearchwith
readers.

37. How to write a conclusion for your research
paper
•When writing your conclusion, you can consider the steps below to help
you get started:
1.Restate your research topic.
2.Summarize the main points.
3.State the significance or results.3.State the significance or results.
4.Conclude your thoughts.

38. •1.Restateyourresearchtopic
•Yourfirststepwhenwritingyourconclusionshouldbetorestateyourresearchtopic.
Typically,onesentencecanbeenoughtorestatethetopicclearly,andyouwillwantto
explainwhyyourtopicisimportant.Thispartofyourconclusionshouldbeclearand
conciseandstateonlythemostimportantinformation.
•3.Summarizethemainpointsofyourresearch
•Next,youcansumupthemainpointsofyourresearchpaper.It'shelpfultoreadthrough
yourpaperasecondtimetopickoutonlythemostrelevantfactsandarguments.You
shouldn'tneedtoincludeanymoreinformationthanthemainargumentsorfactsthat
youpresentedinyourpaper.Thepurposeofsummarizingthekeypointsistoremindthe
readeroftheimportanceoftheresearchtopic.readeroftheimportanceoftheresearchtopic.
•4.Connectthesignificanceorresultsofthemainpoints
•Afterdiscussingthemainpointsofyourargument,youcanpresentthesignificanceof
thesepoints.Forinstance,afterstatingthemainpointsyoumadeinyourargument,you
mightdiscusshowtheimpactsofyourtopicaffectaspecificoutcome.Likewise,youmight
presenttheresultsofstudiesorotherfindingsthatcanhelpaddemphasistohowyou
presentthesignificanceofyourinformation.
•5.Concludeyourthoughts
•Asyoufinishupyourconclusion,youmightcreateacalltoactionorposeanideathatgets
yourreadersthinkingfurtheraboutyourargument.Youmightalsousethissentenceto
addressanyquestionsthatwereleftunansweredinthebodyparagraphsofyourpaper.

39. Restate your research topic
Summarize the main points.
State the significance or results.
Conclude your thoughts

41. Abstract vsConclusion
•Anabstractshouldbeaconcisesummaryoftheentiredocument.
•Itisfrequentlyusedbyreaderstodeterminewhethertheentirepaperis
relevanttothem,andsoitneedstobeshort,concise,andnothingmorethan
asummary.
•Incontrastaconclusionprovidestheendingforapaper.
•Itshouldrevisittheobjectives/aim/hypothesisstatedatthestartinthe
introductionandsummariestheevidencepresentedintheworkthatintroductionandsummariestheevidencepresentedintheworkthat
meets/fulfils/confirmsorrefutesthem.
•Forexample,whileyoumaybeabletogetageneralimpressionofa
scientificpaperfromitsabstract,
•youshouldbeabletounderstand*all*thekeyfindingsandnovel
contributionsinsomedetailfromitsconclusion.

42. Thank you Thank you