Research-Powerpoint-from-Intoduction-to-Title-Writing (1).pptx

A good title often comes from an action, incident or scene from the story itself. Often it is an unanswered question or a promise of a payoff, a secret tip or trick or experience.

1. Introduction and Current Trends in Public Administration Research

2. A. Introduction

3. A. Introduction KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND RESEARCH IN OTHER FIELDS The core difference between research in Public Administration and other forms of research lies in the subject matter and the specific context in which it is conducted. While research in any field requires systematic investigation, data collection, and analysis, Public Administration research focuses specifically on the study of government organizations , policies , and the implementation of public services .

4. A. Introduction KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND RESEARCH IN OTHER FIELDS Subject Matter: Public Administration research examines the management and governance of public institutions, public policies, and the delivery of public services. It explores topics such as public policy formulation and implementation, organizational behavior within government agencies, leadership in the public sector, public finance, and the role of government in society. Stakeholders: Public Administration research often involves studying the interactions between government entities, public officials, citizens, and other stakeholders in the public sector. The research may focus on understanding how public administrators make decisions, collaborate with different stakeholders, and address public concerns.

5. A. Introduction KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND RESEARCH IN OTHER FIELDS Policy Impact: Public Administration research emphasizes the practical implications of findings on policy development and implementation. It aims to provide insights and recommendations to improve public policies, enhance administrative effectiveness, and promote good governance practices. Legal and Ethical Considerations: Public Administration research operates within the framework of legal and ethical standards applicable to the public sector. Researchers need to consider issues such as transparency, accountability, equity, and the protection of public interest while conducting their studies. Contextual Factors: Public Administration research is often influenced by political, social, and economic contexts. Policies and administrative practices are shaped by the specific needs and challenges of a particular jurisdiction or community. Understanding these contextual factors is crucial for effective public administration research.

6. A. Introduction KEY SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND RESEARCH IN OTHER FIELDS It's important to note that while there are unique aspects to Public Administration research, there are also similarities with other fields of research, such as the use of research methodologies, data analysis techniques, and the pursuit of evidence-based knowledge. These commonalities enable researchers to conduct rigorous studies, analyze data effectively, and contribute to the body of knowledge in Public Administration

7. A. Introduction KEY SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND RESEARCH IN OTHER FIELDS Research methodologies: Public Administration research, like other forms of research, employs various research methodologies to investigate and analyze phenomena of interest. These methodologies include qualitative approaches such as interviews, case studies, and content analysis, as well as quantitative approaches like surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis. Researchers in Public Administration utilize these methodologies to gather data, generate insights, and draw conclusions about the subject under study.

8. A. Introduction KEY SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND RESEARCH IN OTHER FIELDS Data analysis techniques: Public Administration research, similar to other research fields, involves the analysis of collected data to identify patterns, relationships, and trends. Researchers use data analysis techniques such as descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, thematic analysis, regression analysis, and qualitative coding to examine and interpret the data. These techniques enable researchers to derive meaningful insights and make evidence-based claims about the phenomena they are investigating.

9. A. Introduction KEY SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND RESEARCH IN OTHER FIELDS Pursuit of evidence-based knowledge: Like all forms of research, Public Administration research aims to generate evidence-based knowledge. It involves gathering empirical data, critically examining existing theories and literature, and using rigorous methodologies to develop new insights and theories. The goal is to provide reliable, valid, and well-substantiated findings that can inform decision-making, policy formulation, and administrative practices. By adopting an evidence-based approach, Public Administration research contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field and promotes evidence-informed decision-making within the public sector.

10. B. Current Trends in Public Administration Research Institutional Analysis and Emergent Leadership Good Governance and Rule of Law Innovation in the public sector (Government 2.0 / E-Government) Public action consistency in the public services (Whole of Government Approach) Co-production of public services, Transparency and Trust Local Governance and Decentralization Constitutional Reforms Government Procurement Reforms Main trends and developments in Public Administration and Public Sector that are very suitable for research – Streamlining regulations and Procedures Access to Information and Data Privacy Gender and Development Electoral Reforms Public Financial Management Accountability, Transparency, and Integrity in Public Administration Civil Service Reforms

11. B. Current Trends in Public Administration Research The bill defines E-Governance as the “application of ICT in establishing interaction between the different levels of government, business and the citizenry.” It involves the implementation of internal government operations via ICT to simplify and improve both the democratic and business aspects.

12. C. The Responsible Conduct of Public Administration Research 4.2. Norms Of The Scientific Community The concept of ‘‘certified knowledge’’ The principles of collegiality, honesty, objectivity, and openness are woven throughout a set of universally accepted norms that have been characterized by Merton in the acronym CUDOS (Merton, 1973). These norms include the following: (a) Communalism which refers to the expectation that discoveries will be freely shared and dedicated to the community of scientists. (b) Universalism which refers to the expectation that scientists should judge empirical claims according to impersonal criteria without regard to the identity of the author. (c ) Disinterestedness which refers to the expectation that scientists will subordinate their own biases and interests to the advancement of knowledge. (d) Organized skepticism which refers to the expectation that scientists will subject empirical claims to systematic scrutiny and validation . The Concept of ‘‘scientific etiquette’’

13. C. The Responsible Conduct of Public Administration Research The Treatment of Human Subjects 4.3. The Nuremberg Trials 4.4. The Belmont Report. The report provides, in sum, the following guidelines: Respect for persons: This principle incorporates the belief that individuals should be treated as having autonomy and that those with diminished autonomy (e.g., minors, prisoners, those mentally incompetent) are entitled to protection. Beneficence: This principle conveys the obligation of researchers to ‘‘do good’’ and that human subjects are to be protected from harm. Researchers are also obliged to maximize the benefits of their research. Justice: This principle ensures that the selection criteria for participation are not based on gender, race, easy availability, manipulability or compromised. Thus the benefits from research should be available not only to the wealthy and privileged, but also to the poor and less advantaged. 4.5. Declaration of Helsinki. The Declaration includes the following: Prior approval by an independent review board Obtaining informed consent from prospective subjects Favorable risk to benefit ratio Equitable selection of subjects Protection of data confidentiality Privacy of subjects

14. D. Preparing For Research Writing Research writing in PA is explored, for our purpose, within the context of preparing a concept/ proposal paper. A concept paper is a document which summarizes what your proposed Research project is about, why it is important, and how you intend to carry it out. Concept Papers are most of the time required from research students because it saves them the unnecessary burden and resources if they proceed immediately to the preparation of the Research or Thesis Proposal that may eventually be rejected or completely changed later on by the Research Adviser or Thesis Panel for various reasons ; The Concept Paper consists of the topic under research, the hypothesis that you seek to approve or disprove, research questions, research objectives, a brief description of the data required, and methods of obtaining it. It is sometimes known as a proposal or an abstract. The latter two are usually more detailed than a concept paper but often serve the same purpose, that is, to convince the party evaluating it that the research project is worthwhile .

15. Identifying Research Topic and Formulating Research Title The start of the Concept Paper writing is the identification of a Research Topic and selection of a Research Problem (you may refer to the Current Trends in PA Research). Remember, there is no short cut in identifying a good Research Topic. But we could learn from some action steps designed to guide us in generating a list of possible research topics: Based on the experiences and knowledge that you have gained in the many years you have enrolled in your Course, what topics do you find interesting? Think of at least three (3) topics which you would like to study, and list them down; Talk to your Research Adviser and/ or Academic Program Adviser and solicit possible Research Topics from them. Reduce the number of topics that they give you guided by what you find personally interesting. Generate at least three (3) topics from your consultations with your Adviser and/ or panel members; From the foregoing, consolidate the list of topics you have generated. At this point, you must now have at least six (6) topics. It is time to reduce the list down to two (2). Choose from the list based on what you personally find interesting to study and which you think your finances could support .

16. Identifying Research Topic and Formulating Research Title After identifying your topics, subject them to a Preliminary Survey of Available Literatures and Materials (we call it PSALM for brevity). For this activity, we aim to:   determine availability of reference materials for each of the topic you have identified; and Perform a preliminary gap analysis. The former will show that your proposed study has basis on published researches, while the latter demonstrates that there is an information gap which your study could fill in.

17. Identifying Research Topic and Formulating Research Title

18. The Concept of Operationalization 7. The Concept of Operationalization 7.1. Operationalization  is a process that assists researcher to define with clarity and precision the variables of his/her research by way of identifying variable indicators. It spells out precisely how a concept will be measured. 7.2. How central the variable is to your analysis will determine how specific or precise the method to elicit that variable must be.

19. How to operationalize concepts There are 3 main steps for operationalization: Identifying main concepts of interest for the study; Selecting a variable to represent each of the concepts identified; Choosing indicators for each of the variables selected.

20. The Concept of Operationalization CONCEPT OPERATIONALIZATION IMPLEMENTATION OF UNIFIED ASSISTANCE SYSTEM FOR TERTIARY EDUCATION (UniFAST) Quantity-number of recipients of the Tertiary Education subsidy (TES) in private schools. Quality-reasons for availment of the (TES)

21. The Concept of Operationalization (a) Identifying main concepts of interest for the study Based on your research interests and goals, define your topic and come up with an initial  research question . Below is an example Topic Research question Research question What is the assessment of the respondents on the implementation of the Tertiary Education Subsidy (TES) in the selected private higher education institutions. Identified variables There are two main concepts in the research question: (a) assessment of the respondents; and (b) implementation of TES

22. The Concept of Operationalization (b) Selecting a variable to represent each of the concepts identified Ex.: Concept Variables Assessment of respondents Quantity and quality of student persistence; academic performance; financial capacity Implementation of TES Quantity and quality administrative capacity

23. The Concept of Operationalization (c) Choosing indicators for each of the variables selected Ex.: Concept Variable Indicator Assessment of respondents Quantity Number of students who are persistent to finish their study Number of students who strive academically Number of students who look at TES as helpful Implementation of TES Quality - Administrative capacity of schools that contribute to the success of students

24. The Concept of Operationalization Using our example, we now decide and choose the specific variables to measure. The following are some of the possible configurations: the assessment of the respondents on the implementation of the Tertiary Education Subsidy (TES) 2.1. Student’s Persistence; 2.2. Academic Performance; 2.3. Financial Capacity; and 2.4. Administrative Capacity.

25. E. Writing Your Research Proposal/ Concept Paper Research Title Writing After selecting a research topic and operationalizing our variables, it is time to give our Concept/ Proposal Paper a title. In summary, the title should contain the following information: What (the research is all about) Who (are the subjects of the Study) Where (the study is to be conducted). And whenever necessary, the When (the time the study is to be conducted)

26. Research Title Writing

27. Research Title Writing Let us assume that the research is interested to test the relationship of (a) the election to office of women (i.e. number of women elected to political offices in the LGUs, in the executive and legislative offices) with (b) the overall perception or experience of empowerment as reported/ self-assessed by the women respondents in the Province of Isabela . From the foregoing, we have the following information:

28. Research Title Writing Guided by the information above, we now develop our Research title as: TITLE “Analysis of Women’s Participation in Local Politics and Experience of Women Empowerment in the Province of Isabela, Philippines From 2009 to Present”

29. Research Title Writing Guided by the information above, we now develop our Research title as: “Analysis of Women’s Participation in Local Politics and Experience of Women Empowerment in the Province of Isabela, Philippines From 2018 to Present” Short & Direct: “Women's Empowerment Through Local Politics: A Case Study of Elected Filipina Women in Isabela” “Filipina Women's Participation in Local Elections: Successes and Challenges in Isabela”

30. Research Title Writing Guided by the information above, we now develop our Research title as: More Specific: “The Impact of Women's Participation on Local Governance: An Analysis of Elected Filipina Women in Isabela” “Empowerment Through the Ballot Box: Exploring the Experiences of Filipina Women Elected Officials in Isabela”

31. Research Title Writing Guided by the information above, we now develop our Research title as: Focusing on Residents' Perspectives: “The Role of Women in Local Politics: Perspectives of Isabela Residents on the Impact of Elected Filipina Women” “Women's Representation and Local Governance: A Study of Isabela Residents' Perceptions of Elected Filipina Women”

32. Research Title Writing Tips for Choosing: • Clarity: Choose a title that clearly communicates your research focus. • Specificity: Be as specific as possible about your location, time frame, and key aspects of the study. • Impact: Consider the potential impact of your research and how it might contribute to the field.