research-Problem-Hypothesis-mary grace.pptx

Hypothesis

1. In short Hypothesis have following purposes ; To provide a bridge between theory and reality To be powerful tools for the advancement of knowledge because they enable the researcher to objectively enter new areas of discover; To provide direction for any research endeavor.

2. H ypothesis Are formulated before the study is conducted because they provide direction for collection analysis, and interpretation of data. Hence the hypothesis flows from the problem statement, literature review, theoretical framework.

3. Hypothesis – is a proposed explanation or scientific question that can tested through experimentation or observation. Problem statement - defines the issue or challenge that need to be addressed . Literature Review - is a comprehensive survey and analysis of existing scholarly publication related to a specific topic or research question.

4. Theoretical Framework – Structure of ideas and concepts that provides a lens through which to understand and analyze a research problem.

5. Examine the literature review and theoretical framework Assess the primary purpose of the study and explicit or implied problem statement Yes Formulated research questions No Formulated Hypothesis Is the primary purpose Exploratory, descriptive or hypothesis-generated Is the primarily purpose testing casual or associative relationship Yes No Research or scientific hypothesis Statistical or null hypothesis Assess for presence of IV and DV a predictive statement , testability Directional hypothesis Nondirectional hypothesis

6. Here are some possible hypotheses that could be applied to sample problem . The education history of high school freshmen is related to their achievement. 2. The overseas employment of Filipino tends to give rise to low self- concept on the part of their children. 3.Television and comics tend to reinforce values taught in school . hypotheses P roblem

7. Independent Variable – it is the factor that manipulated or changed by the researcher. It is a variable that is changed in order to observe its effect on the dependent variable. It’s the “cause” in a cause and effect relationship. Dependent Variable – a dependent variable is the variable that is observed, measured, or recorded in response to change in independent variable . It’s the “effect” in a cause and effect relationship.

8. Hypothesis 1 “ The educational History of high school Freshmen is related to their achievement ” Independent Variable : Education History of School Freshmen Dependent Variable : Achievement

9. Hypothesis 2 “ The Overseas employment of Filipino parents tends to give rise to low self- concepts on the part of their Children” Independent Variable – Overseas employment of Filipino Parents Dependend Variable - Children’s Self Concepts

10. Hypothesis 3 Television and comics tend to reinforce values taught in school. Independent Variable – Exposure to television and comics Dependent Variable - Values

11. Relationship : this time, think in terms os symbols. Suppose A and B were variables in a hypothesis that is “ A is related to B” . it means that you would like to find out whether A and B vary together, so that a change in A is accompanied by a change in B and vise versa . Hypotheses describing relationship between two variables with respect to some uses are called Relational Hypothesis ( Cooper and Emory 1995 )

12. there are two interpretations of relational hypothesis; Correlational relationship – are merly the variables that occur together in some specified manner without implying that one causes the other. Causal or explanatory relationship – are hypothesis reflecting to hypotheses there implication that the existence of, a change in one variable causes or leads to an effect on the other variable . The causal variable also called independent variable and the effect is the dependent variable . Cause means roughly to “ to help make happen” this is independent variable need not be the sole reason for the existence of, or change in the dependent variable.

13. in the given example, there are three possible answer to the question: 1. Yes , as A increases , So does B; This means that the value of variable A increases, the value of B is also increases 2. Yes, as A increases, B decreases; This statement suggests a variable A and B . It means that the value of variable A increases, the value of B decreases. 3. No, A and B are unrelated. This response indicates that there is no correlation or relationship between variables A and B.

14. The first case case defines a positive or direct relationship , it is exemplified by the following hypothesis statements. 1 . The more intelligent a person is, the more adaptable that person is to new situations. 2. The more exposed one is to mass media, the higher is one’s degree of political awareness. 3. The higher one’s degree of political awareness it, the more likely one axposes himself to mass media. 4. As speed increases, distance traveled increases. 5. High mathematics achievement is accompanied by a high aptitude for mathematics .

15. The second case describes a negative or inverse relationship and is further exemplified by the following: 1. The more dominant one’s parent are the lesser is one’s degree of independence . 2. The more intelligent one is, the lesser time he takes to comprehend concepts 3. Delinquency is less likely in homes that are more stable 4. As speed increases, travel time decreases. 5, the lower one’s self- concept is, the greater the likelihood of failure

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